Comparison of Seven Beowulf Translations Essay -- comparison compare c

Correlation of Seven Beowulfâ Translations  There isn't unanimity among Beowulf interpreters concerning all pieces of the content, however there is little uniqueness from a solitary, uniform interpretation of the sonnet. In this are examined a few entries which interpreters may show difference about in view of the absence of clearness or missing parts of text or bounty of equivalent words or vague referents.  After the Danish coast-watch meets and converses with Beowulf, the gatekeeper at that point starts his next discourse with a short adage or truism:  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Aeghwaepres sceal scearp scyldwigaâ â â â â â â â â â â gescad witan, worda ond worca,â â â â â â â â â â se pe wel penced. (287-289)  T.A. Shippey remarks in â€Å"The World of the Poem† that :   â â â â â â â â â â Translating this should not to be difficult†¦. The issue here is brought about by the way that sayings are not just phonetic phenomena†¦. the shrouded factor is the extralinguistic casing; we have been instructed in youth when to utilize axioms, what their analogies mean, who to express them to, and how to take them. It is this nonverbal information that we should have the option to comprehend the coastguard’s ‘gnome.’ Reluctance to recreate such intangibles and hounded gazing at the content have driven scholarly pundits into discussion (Shippey 34).  So let’s cross-reference six interpreters and decide how genuine a disparity exists here. Howell D. Chickering deciphers the irksome piece of the passage:â â€Å"must know the qualification among words and deeds, keep the distinction clear† (Chickering 65). E. Talbot Donaldson: â€Å"who figures well should have the option to pass judgment on every one of the two things, words and works† (Donaldson 6). Kevin Crossley-Holland: â€Å"one whose psyche is ... ... various equivalents, dubious references, and so on.  BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, Michael. Beowulf A Verse Translation. New York: Penguin Books, 1973. Chickering, Howell D. Beowulf A double Language Edition. New York: Anchor Books, 1977. Crossley-Holland, Kevin, trans. Beowulf The Fight at Finnsburh, altered by Heather O’Donoghue. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Donaldson, E. Talbot, trans. Beowulf The Donaldson Translation, altered by Joseph Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co., 1975. Heaney, Seamus. Beowulf, A New Verse Translation. New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2000. Rebsamen, Frederick. Beowulf A Verse Translation. New York: Harper-Collins Publishers, 1991. Shippey, T.A.. â€Å"The World of the Poem.† In Beowulf †Modern Critical Interpretations, altered by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987..

Adrienne Rich Twenty One Love Poem free essay sample

Adrienne was known to be one of the most generally read and persuasive artists of the second 50% of the twentieth century,and was credited with bringing the mistreatment of ladies and lesbians to the front line of beautiful talk. Richs poetics relies upon a perusers experience of her verse. It is an occasion of social commitment wherein the sonnets, reverberating with and against one another, desires the peruser to test different hermeneutic and ideological positions, and it requires the dialogic cooperation among artist, sonnet, peruser, and social setting. Hence, the peruser is fundamental to Richs women's activist poetics. I accept the perusers are the ones to see the exemplification in her verse. Through his/her recognition the pictures can be comprehended or retranslated into a few distinct prospects. Such opportunity yielded to the peruser can be deciphered as a showing of the persona’s separation from a given philosophy. The distribution of Twenty-One Love Poems in 1976 as a result checked Richs coming out as a lesbian. The standards break like a thermometer,/mercury spills over the outlined frameworks/were out in a nation that has no language/whatever we do together is unadulterated innovation/the maps they gave us were obsolete/by years , were everything she composed that articulated that she was coming out. In 1970 Rich isolated from her better half, with whom she had three kids. He was consequently administered to have slaughtered himself. She was with her accomplice, the author Michelle Cliff ,for over 30 years. (http://www. gatekeeper. co. uk/March292012) The Dream of a Common Language is an assortment of verse that was composed by a lady, about ladies, for ladies. This book was the principal book distributed after Rich chose to come out about her sexuality in 1976 and the book was first distributed in 1978. The Dream of a Common Language was verse for network, verse intended to misuse reason, verse intended to be increased in the edges, verse implied sung to somebody of importance. The assortment is partitioned into three areas. The first, â€Å"Power,† is about the achievements of individual ladies. The second segment of the book, â€Å"Twenty-one Love Poems,† is the open declaration of Rich’s sexual inclination and Not Somewhere Else, however Here,† where Adrienne Rich is accepted to proceed with her investigation of female connections. Twenty one love sonnet is a quatrain, with different refrains of fourteen or sixteen lines. Its in a piece structure which was begun in Europe. A piece is a connoted sonnet of fourteen lines that follows an exacting rhyme plan and explicit structure. Adrienne Rich is known for verse about social and political commentarty, women's liberation, social critique, and so forth. An assortment of Love Poems ought to positively be taken in setting with lesbian sexuality. In her Twenty-One Love Poems, Adrienne Rich groups a progression of nature pictures so as to inspect the connection among self and city, self and sweetheart. On all records this assortment of sonnets, nature fills in as an image of mystic life and stun, and it very well may be hard to depict the different common illustrations which Rich employments. One can, be that as it may, bunch these pictures into classifications. To me, the sonnet is about decision, activities, and how we characterize love ourselves instead of through predetermination, meeting of spirits, and so forth. The sonnet has some great existential topics; the initial line: no ones destined or bound to adore anybody says our decisions in adoration are our own. It has an existential subject to it. Taking a gander at the segment starting â€Å"No one has envisioned us,† I didn’t distinguish the â€Å"us† fundamentally as female however more for the most part similarly as mankind battling and that their the one in particular who notice how harsh things are, which, unexpectedly, I believe is all the more impressive left anonymous in light of the fact that it permits the peruser to take on the sonnet for oneself. At that point I read â€Å"live like trees,† which I get the sense it implies they need to live normally, liberated from the man centric mistreatment, and have the option to stretch out, occupy room in this city. The writer makes reference to the show Tristand und Isolde (a tale about sweethearts that do befuddle demise and love, because of an adoration elixir) and tries to state that the drama isn't the story that destiny, enchantment, love mixtures, and so forth , have nothing to do with it. The existential subject is proceeded with when the writer makes reference to a recording device a gadget that can just record sound, what is really said and done. It might be said, she is stating that activities are what are significant musings and aims are useless in death, what stays after we are gone is the manner by which we were are seen by others. In the event that our activities characterize what our identity is or how we attempted to adore, the recorded may have gotten some apparition of us that recordable activities are what will be recalled in the afterlife. She is stating that affection is the thing that we state and do, what we decide to follow up on without anyone else in spite of the powers that rage inside us and against. I think its additionally intriguing that the sonnet is coordinated primarily toward ladies, not men (particularly given the artists foundation and different sonnets about sexuality and lesbianism) None the less the sonnet means how homosexuality may have been seen in the late 1970’s and how gay people may have felt during this period, essentially stowing away in the shadows so they would not be judged. The expanding perceivability of gay individuals produced a reaction during the 1970s. It is maybe the most examined enemy of gay rights battle of the decade. Verse is utilized to offers a method of recognizing our need, not for dismissing needs, or in any event, for accomplishing them.

Coca-Cola Nepal free essay sample

The Marketing, Sales Distribution technique for Bottlers Nepal Limited is entitled â€Å"Refresh the Marketplace† and incorporates: A vigorous Consumer Response System to address any purchaser/client concerns, thoughts, proposals †either on item and its quality or on stock flexibly †upkeep of gear etc†¦ All customer concerns are managed in a reasonable, convenient and well disposed way, in order to fulfill them and resolve their interests. Showcasing and publicizing correspondences are centered around POS (retail location), Radio, TV, hoardings, truck backs, etc†¦ Emphasis is additionally positioned on Consumer Price to authorize Price Compliance. Showcasing and publicizing interchanges are modified to suit to nearby estimations †social, strict, ethnic. Creative bundles and pack sizes are offered to give better an incentive to shoppers and simplicity of capacity to retailers. Costs and packs are presented in an arrangement that is moderate to all sections of society. General Information Population: 27,5 million (28. 9 million starting at July 2007 gauge) GDP per capita (buying power equality): US$ 1,5 million (assessed and not careful) Location: Kathmandu and Bharatpur Employees: 469 Number of MDCs: 32 Job creation multiplier impact:  ± 10,000 Nearby working name: Bottlers Nepal Ltd 2 Bottling Plants Sales Manager-Bottler Nepal Mr. Madhav Kafle is the Deputy Sales Manger of the bottlers Nepal. He has been with the bottlers Nepal since 1998 he joined bottlers Nepal as a business official and afterward he was elevated to the Sales Executive and later elevated to Area Sales Manager. Capability: Masters in Arts. Number of years with Bottlers Nepal: 10 years Territory: Katmandu (which is the biggest domain and the most elevated deals creating an area) Key Responsibility: Forecasting deals plan/planning deals spending plan Deals guaging is finished taking a gander at the past patterns. He typically considers the business volume of recent years, movement in the market and afterward set the objective. He thinks about the normal development in the business volume and afterward probably adds 5% to 10% to the past year’s development and fixes the objective for the year. He additionally counsels the current deals power for their significant contributions to request to make the guaging increasingly exact and possible. The domain deals gauge is finished by the limit of the region and the business power ability I. . a few domains develop quick where as some become moderate, these variables are remembered while determining the business focus for the specific region. The business conjecture for a specific domain is likewise founded on the individual deals official. He additionally settles on the measure of the special help need so as to meet the objective deals. He does this by thinking back to the measure of post deals backing and afterward gets ready for the advancement. While doing this he additionally remembers the effect on future item deals. Week by week answering to the nation administrator His report to the nation director comprise of the general week after week accomplishment in wording deals volume of his domain and some other significant issues if any which should be routed to the more elevated level administration. His report is a merged report sent by the Area project supervisor and it contains the report on the past week’s accomplishment and his new arrangement for the coming week and the month. The plans comprise of volume of creation for the coming month and deals based on the creation. This arrangement is additionally sent to all the departments’ viz. arketing and creation so the divisions can design likewise. Correspondence with different divisions He cooperates with the creation administrator on ordinary premise to choose the volume of creation. He additionally cooperates with the Marketing Manager so as to think of advancement for pushing deals and to create advertising procedures for future deals target. Territory deals overview for a specifi c zone is finished by the promoting office. Proposal is taken from the showcasing office before detailing of the business plan for a specific region. Recruiting and choice of Sales power: Sales supervisor is liable for employing salesmen with the proper aptitudes and foundations to execute the business system. Great sources must be found for recently recruited employees, and the individuals who are feeble in these territories are painstakingly screened out. The ordinarily promote through paper. Different wellsprings of competitors are references of current workers. The Applications and the CVs got are first gathered by the Human Resource Department and afterward full examined it. The short recorded applicants are then welcomed for a composed test. The further short recorded applicants are welcomed for a meeting with the project lead and the Human Resource Manager. The chose up-and-comers are required the preparation. Preparing Sales Force: notwithstanding recruiting qualified individuals, salespeople’s capabilities are normally evolved through preparing before they are sent into the field. He recognizes the preparation needs of the individual sales rep and afterward advises about it to the Human Resource office. The Human Resource office thusly arranges with the coach. They are offered 1 to 1 and half months preparing relying on the sales rep. Project leads are answerable for ensuring that preparation is finished, and they regularly direct a portion of the classes. Most introductory preparing programs are intended to acquaint sales reps with the company’s items, benefits, and working methods, with some time gave to advancement of selling aptitudes. Since deals preparing is costly, the project lead is liable for choosing the most savvy techniques, area, and materials. Preparing is regularly bestowed by the coach structure Bangkok. Propel, Develop and moves the business power: Builds and keeps up connections that spur, direct, as well as fortify the presentation of others toward objective achievements. Week after week deals meets are done and the individuals who are the achiever of the most elevated deals in the domain are valued and recognize in the gathering. The have a program of the month to month achiever wherein the most noteworthy achievers name is set up on the board. On the off chance that the presentation is predictable for couple of months they are given greater domains. Advancements are execution based. Center Competencies of the Sales Manager Impart the standards and estimations of The Company through close to home contact with purchasers and dignitaries from around the valley so as to additionally improve the buyers association with the brands. Agent work assignments and undertakings to salesperson, giving adequate heading so wanted business results can be accomplished. Drives Innovative Sales Improvements: Develops new bits of knowledge into thoughts that bring about hierarchical upgrades; advances a workplace that cultivates the improvement of the business power and increment the general deals volume.

Jihadi or Jihadist Defined

Jihadi or Jihadist Defined Jihadi,â orâ jihadist,â refers to an individual who accepts that an Islamic state administering the whole network of Muslims must beâ created and that this need legitimizes savage clash with the individuals who hold its up. Despite the fact that jihad is an idea that can be found in the Quran, the terms jihadi, jihadi belief system and jihadi development are current ideas identified with the ascent of political Islam in the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years. Jihadi History Jihadis are a restricted gathering comprised of followers who decipher Islam, and the idea of jihad, to imply that war must be pursued against states and gatherings who in their eyes have undermined the beliefs of Islamic administration. Saudi Arabia is high on this rundown since it professes to be administering as per the statutes of Islam, and it is the home of Mecca and Medina, two of Islams holiest destinations. The name that was once most noticeably connected with jihadi philosophy was the late Al Qaedaâ leader, Osama receptacle Laden. As an adolescent in Saudi Arabia, container Laden was profoundly affected by Arab Muslim instructors and other people who were radicalized during the 1960s and 1970s by the blend of: The Arab rout in the 1967 war with IsraelOppressive and degenerate Arab governmentsRapidly urbanizing and modernizing society Biting the dust a Martys Death Some sawâ jihad, a fierce topple of such wasn't right with society, as an important way to make an appropriately Islamic, and all the more deliberate, world. They glorified affliction, which additionally has an importance in Islamic history, as an approach to satisfy a religiousâ duty. Recently changed over jihadis discovered incredible intrigue in the sentimental vision of biting the dust a saints demise. At the point when the Soviet Union attacked Afghanistan in 1979, Arab Muslim disciples of jihad took up the Afghan reason as the initial phase in making an Islamic state. (Afghanistans populace is Muslim, however they are not Arabs.) In the mid 1980s, container Laden worked with theâ mujahideenâ fighting a self-broadcasted blessed war to remove the Soviets from Afghanistan. Later, in 1996, receptacle Laden marked and gave the Declaration of Jihad Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Mosques, which means Saudi Arabia. A Jihadis Work Is Never Done Lawrence Wrights ongoing book, The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, offers anâ account of this period as a developmental snapshot of jihadi conviction: Under the spell of the Afghan battle, numerous extreme Islamists arrived at accept that jihad never closes. For them, the war against the Soviet occupation was just a conflict in an endless war. They called themselves jihadis, showing the centrality of war to their strict comprehension. The individuals Who Strive Lately, the wordâ jihadâ has become interchangeable in numerous personalities with a type of strict fanaticism that causes a lot of dread and doubt. It is generally thought to mean heavenly war, and particularly to speak to endeavors of Islam radical gatherings against others. However, the present current definition ofâ jihadâ is in opposition to theâ linguistic significance of the word, and furthermore in spite of the convictions held by most Muslims. The wordâ jihadâ stems from the Arabic root word J-H-D, which means endeavor. Jihadis, at that point, would actually decipher as the individuals who endeavor. Different words got from this root incorporate exertion, work, and weariness. Therefore, jihadis are the individuals who endeavor to rehearse religion despite abuse and mistreatment. The exertion may come through battling the wickedness in their own hearts, or in confronting a tyrant. Military exertion is incorporated as a choice, yet Muslims see this if all else fails, and it not the slightest bit is intended to intend to spread Islam by the blade, as the generalization presently proposes. Jihadi or Jihadist In the Western press, there is a seriousâ debate about whether the term ought to be jihadi or jihadist. The Associated Press, whose newsfeed isâ seen by the greater part the world’s populace consistently through AP news stories, TV news, and evenâ the web, is quite certain about what jihad means and which term to utilize, taking note of that jihad is an: Arabic thing used to allude to the Islamic idea of the battle to do great. Specifically circumstances, that can incorporate blessed war, the importance fanatic Muslims usually use. Useâ jihadiâ andâ jihadis. Don't useâ jihadist. Yet, Merriam-Webster, the word reference AP for the most part depends on for definitions, says either term-jihadi or jihadist-is satisfactory, and even characterizes jihadist asâ a Muslim who advocates or partakes in aâ jihad. The regarded word reference alsoâ defines the term jihadâ as: ... a heavenly war pursued for the benefit of Islam as a strict duty;â also:â a individual battle in dedication to Islam particularly including otherworldly control. In this way, either jihadi or jihadist is adequate except if you work for the AP, and the term can mean it is possible that one who compensation a sacred war for the benefit of Islamâ orâ one who is experiencing an individual, profound, and inward battle to accomplish incomparable dedication to Islam. Likewise with numerous strategically or strictly charged words, the right word and understanding rely upon your perspective and perspective.

Local Fundraising :: essays research papers fc

Running a political race is exceptionally difficult and tedious. From multiple points of view it is an exercise in careful control. One must arrangement with keeping up open perceivability, speaking to the voters, building up a stage, kissing sickening children, and meeting whatever number individuals as could reasonably be expected. Be that as it may, one of the most significant and troublesome pieces of the activity is fund-raising. Cash is essential for all pieces of the battle, and without it, a crusade can come to a standstill. In this paper I will endeavor to clarify how an up-and-comer gets the cash to crusade. Â â â â â The principal activity, at whatever point one pursues any position, is to check every nearby law relating to decisions and commitments. In any area, there regularly are dark laws that influence a horde of subjects, races being among them. These laws for the most part state who can offer cash to whom and what amount can be given by any one individual or association. Disregarding these laws may bring about a programmed relinquishment. Another significant advance is to ensure that you, yourself, add to your own battle. It doesn't need to be a lot, the same number of competitors don't originate from well off foundations, yet enough to show that you are not kidding about winning the political race. All things considered, on the off chance that you are not sure enough to contribute your own cash, how might you anticipate that others should contribute for you? The third step that numerous confident applicants use is to move toward their loved ones for cash. While some might be reluctant to do this, one master, who inquisitively didn't leave his name (Basic Fundraising, n.d.), says this is significant. Your loved ones ought to be asked, right off the bat, for the explanation laid out in the former passage, and furthermore in light of the fact that this is the place a competitor gets quite a bit of their underlying seed cash. A viral methodology, as indicated by Garecht, ought to be utilized when approaching partners for cash (n.d.e). Ask your loved ones to ask all their loved ones, who should, thusly, solicit all from their loved ones. Obviously, not every person will contribute, however by playing the rates, an applicant can hope to get a huge number of dollars, regardless of whether the person isn't from an especially rich group of friends. In the event that an individual is reluctant to contribute financially, inquire as to whether he might want to chip in either his time or benefits, or even there garden for use as signage.

Lake Charles

Lake Charles Lake Charles, city (1990 pop. 70,580), seat of Calcasieu parish, SW La.; inc. 1867. It is located on Lake Charles at the mouth of the Calcasieu River in a rice, timber, oil, and natural gas region. The city is an important producer of petrochemicals and has a variety of manufactures, including machinery, concrete, transportation and oil-field equipment, food products, barges, and tugboats. There are also petroleum refineries and riverboat casinos, as well as fishing for crawfish, shrimp, and crabs. Lake Charles is an important deepwater port and port of entry. A 30-mi-long (48-km) channel connects it with the Gulf of Mexico and the Intracoastal Waterway . Petroleum products, chemicals, rice, and cotton are shipped from the port. In the city is McNeese State Univ. The city suffered extensive damage from Hurricane Rita in 2005. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Po litical Geography

7 Ways to Prepare a Child With Autism for College

April is Autism Awareness month, which is why throughout the month youï ¿ ½ve likely seen children wearing the color blue to school, or businesses shining blue lights in an effort to spread the word. This is part of the ï ¿ ½Light It Up Blueï ¿ ½ awareness campaign run by the Autism Speaks organization. Why is spreading awareness so important? According to the National Autism Indicators Report: Transition into Young Adulthood, only 36 percent of young adults with autism spectrum disorder achieved any post-secondary education, and only 58 percent ever had a paid job outside of the home. However, it is possible, even for those with severe challenges, to go on to college and eventually careers. Here are 7 things that can help achieve this goal: 1. Begin preparing early Occupational Therapist Bill Wong suggests parents of children with autism should begin researching college options as early as the summer before they enter eighth grade. Youï ¿ ½ll want to make sure your child gets off to a good start in high school so you wonï ¿ ½t have to play catch up later. Students will also need enough time to develop academic, social and organizational skills before entering college, which can take about five years. 2. Use high school experiences as training High school is the perfect time to train your child on the skills listed above. Stay involved in their schoolwork enough to help when they need it, but try and let them learn independently. You should also encourage the child to make friends in high school to help with relationship building. This is crucial for learning to work well on group projects in college. 3. Train your child how to be independent This can include learning to cook meals, do laundry and grocery shop if your child is planning to live in a dorm on campus. An overnight trip might also be a good idea to see how he or she responds to being away from home for an extended period of time. 4. Build skills through volunteering ï ¿ ½Not only does this present opportunities for your child to put on their ï ¿ ½brag sheetï ¿ ½ when they apply for colleges, but they also present opportunities to develop work skills and build relationships with others in the work environmentï ¿ ½ says Wong. 5. Utilize technology There are many devices and apps specifically designed to assist people with autism. The Autism Speaks organization provides a detailed list of assisted technology resources to help children and adults become more self-reliant. 6. Look for a school that offers support resources Students with intellectual disabilities may be eligible for certain types of federal financial aid for a comprehensive transition and postsecondary (CTP) at one of 30 participating institutions. Thinkcollege.net also offers a comprehensive list of 239 higher education programs designed for students with disabilities. 7. Be open with your childï ¿ ½s school This includes having discussions with both high school teachers and college staff when applying. Colleges that support students with autism will likely be willing to work with your child to ensure they receive an education that will eventually lead to a job. In order to do this, they need to understand your childï ¿ ½s needs and how they learn. April is Autism Awareness month, which is why throughout the month youï ¿ ½ve likely seen children wearing the color blue to school, or businesses shining blue lights in an effort to spread the word. This is part of the ï ¿ ½Light It Up Blueï ¿ ½ awareness campaign run by the Autism Speaks organization. Why is spreading awareness so important? According to the National Autism Indicators Report: Transition into Young Adulthood, only 36 percent of young adults with autism spectrum disorder achieved any post-secondary education, and only 58 percent ever had a paid job outside of the home. However, it is possible, even for those with severe challenges, to go on to college and eventually careers. Here are 7 things that can help achieve this goal: 1. Begin preparing early Occupational Therapist Bill Wong suggests parents of children with autism should begin researching college options as early as the summer before they enter eighth grade. Youï ¿ ½ll want to make sure your child gets off to a good start in high school so you wonï ¿ ½t have to play catch up later. Students will also need enough time to develop academic, social and organizational skills before entering college, which can take about five years. 2. Use high school experiences as training High school is the perfect time to train your child on the skills listed above. Stay involved in their schoolwork enough to help when they need it, but try and let them learn independently. You should also encourage the child to make friends in high school to help with relationship building. This is crucial for learning to work well on group projects in college. 3. Train your child how to be independent This can include learning to cook meals, do laundry and grocery shop if your child is planning to live in a dorm on campus. An overnight trip might also be a good idea to see how he or she responds to being away from home for an extended period of time. 4. Build skills through volunteering ï ¿ ½Not only does this present opportunities for your child to put on their ï ¿ ½brag sheetï ¿ ½ when they apply for colleges, but they also present opportunities to develop work skills and build relationships with others in the work environmentï ¿ ½ says Wong. 5. Utilize technology There are many devices and apps specifically designed to assist people with autism. The Autism Speaks organization provides a detailed list of assisted technology resources to help children and adults become more self-reliant. 6. Look for a school that offers support resources Students with intellectual disabilities may be eligible for certain types of federal financial aid for a comprehensive transition and postsecondary (CTP) at one of 30 participating institutions. Thinkcollege.net also offers a comprehensive list of 239 higher education programs designed for students with disabilities. 7. Be open with your childï ¿ ½s school This includes having discussions with both high school teachers and college staff when applying. Colleges that support students with autism will likely be willing to work with your child to ensure they receive an education that will eventually lead to a job. In order to do this, they need to understand your childï ¿ ½s needs and how they learn.

Creating Value for Stakeholders Creates Success and...

From the beginning of time, creating value for stakeholders have been the main frame for success and advancement; from the hunter age to warrior age, craftsman age to explorer age†¦ and on until now. For every management philosophy in the business world that regards maximization of the interests of its all stakeholders (shareholders, customers, financiers, employees and the community) as its highest objective. Its objective is to maximize this value by following policies: that can minimize the cost and waste while improving the quality of its product, enhance the skills and satisfaction of its employees, and contribute to the development of the community from which it draws its resources and sustenance. Compare with shareholder value approach. Where should I placed my employees, customers, and all others whom are related to my business; how can I creating the value for all of them? Without stakeholders of any type, there would be no business. There more and more every day that we see, read, and hears from all variable sources that stakeholder value has been wiping out in the past several years as a result of mismanagement and bad execution of strategy than was lost through all the past scandals. True be told, creating value for customers helps sell products and services, while creating value for all stakeholders and shareholders. From a financial perspective, value is said to be created when a business earns revenue (or a return on capital) that exceeds expenses. But othersShow MoreRelatedStakeholder Theory Of The Firm1423 Words   |  6 PagesEven though the stakeholder theory of the firm served as a comprehensive fundamentally solid concept for corporate social responsibility to branch out of; without the stakeholder t heory of the firm there is no corporate social responsibility and vice versa, because business cannot exist without society and society is not sustainable without business, due to advancements in the modern world, business and society have evolved, and traditional business theories have a narrow business scope, while contemporaryRead MoreLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership1457 Words   |  6 PagesUnderstanding how leadership affects operations and the role it plays in organizations is crucial to success. This manuscript will examine Transformational leadership. It will also give examples of people that have embraced this leadership style. 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BUPA came into being in the year 1947, by combining provident quantity and by creating the NHS, barring the intensionRead MoreThe Importance Of A Chief Information Officer1232 Words   |  5 PagesThe worlds’ advancements in the digital age are considered to be unprecedented. As we continue to this tremendous growth, especially in the United States, new jobs will be available and existing jobs will continue to evolve. For instance, technology was often viewed as a rudimentary function that kept the business running. However, with the recent growth and advancement, it has become an essential part of any organization and one that now takes any business to the next level. With this, the roleRead MoreImproving The Strategic Goals Of An Organization1621 Words   |  7 Pagesproject and predicts challenges (Roper, Hall, White, 2011). This practice can create a common understanding amo ng the project team members regardless of their levels of involvement. Eventually, every member would understand the goals of the project and be willing to identify and resolve deviations before they become pricey. This paper will focus on adopting Lean in healthcare delivering as well as identifying key stakeholders for its implementation and management process. Adoption of Lean in HealthcareRead MoreEssay about Corporate Social Responsibility Plan1103 Words   |  5 Pagesyear from employees to non-profit organizations. Tuition reimbursement is offered, up to $12,000 a year. These are a few of the out of the ordinary advantages employees are able to take advantage of at Google. Coca-Cola has a commitment goal to â€Å"Create a culture where diversity is valued, every employee is a respected member of the team, and our workforce is a reflection of the communities in which we operate† Companies must make a commitment towards giving back to employees to ensure the viabilityRead MoreReaction Paper On Drones1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthat drones are beneficial and should not be illegal, but we should set forth policies that protect the industry and the people. The reason I support this due to the fact the fear of losing privacy is spreading nationwide like a wildfire in which is creating a trend of fear among Americans. In addition, the use of commercial drones is a tool that vast amounts of people use such as law enforcements to improve many aspects of our lives. This important tool affects us because the job of law enforcements

Movie Analysis Motion Picture Industry - 1427 Words

Motion Picture Industry The motion picture industry is creating movies that people want to go see. Movies can vastly range in genre from the more popular action movies that flood the market with toys and collectables to more quiet independent films that bring to life a producers deepest thoughts and ideals. Other movie genres include: adventure, comedy, crime and gangster, drama, historical, horror, musicals, science fiction, westerns, and many others. According to Dirks (2015), â€Å"action films usually include high energy, stunts and chases, battles, fights, escapes, destructive crises, non-stop motion, spectacular rhythm and pacing, and adventurous, often two-dimensional good-guy heroes (or recently, heroines) battling bad guys - all designed for pure audience escapism† (para. 1). Do these action adventure movies top the box-office in sales? The normal intent of a movie maker is to ultimately entice as much of the population to go to the movies and buy a ticket to earn a profit. The revenue a movie can generate varies greatly from movie to movie for a sundry of reasons. The statistical analysis below will translate the data compiled and help make sense of what correlations and rationales help make a blockbuster movie a revenue making machine. It will also point to reasoning for movies that don’t earn top rewards. Overview of Movie Revenue The sample100 movies depicted, generated a staggering $3,021,999,396 of revenue just from total gross sales. The movie revenueShow MoreRelatedMotion Picture Industry Essay1740 Words   |  7 PagesMotion Picture Industry Data is important and a main-stream form of communication throughout the world; however, without being able to represent the data in a format that is easily understandable, then the data will not be as useful. Anderson, Sweeney, Williams, Camm, Cochran (2015) define data as â€Å"the facts and figures collected, analyzed, and summarized for presentation and interpretation† (p. 5). It is important for statisticians, mangers, and employees to collect and present statistical dataRead MoreUse of Statistics to Analyze the Motion Picture Industry Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesReport on the Motion Picture Industry The motion picture industry is just like any other industry and to be successful it must turn a profit on the movies it creates and produces. Everyone loves movies and the motion picture industry does everything in its power to produce movies that will bring in millions of dollars in profits. The motion picture industry has created high grossing movies such as Spider-Man 3 with a total gross of $336,530,303 as well as flops such as Sea Monsters: A PrehistoricRead MoreStatistics: Credit Card and Pelican Stores1375 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between net sales and customer age. Case 2 Motion Picture Industry The motion picture industry is a competitive business. More than 50 studios produce a total of 300 to 400 new motion pictures each year, and the financial success of each motion picture varies considerably. The opening weekend gross sales ($ millions), the total gross sales ($ millions), the number of theatres the movie was shown in, and the number of weeks the motion picture was in the top 60 for gross sales are common variablesRead MoreStatistics: Credit Card and Pelican Stores1389 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between net sales and customer age. Case 2 Motion Picture Industry The motion picture industry is a competitive business. More than 50 studios produce a total of 300 to 400 new motion pictures each year, and the financial success of each motion picture varies considerably. The opening weekend gross sales ($ millions), the total gross sales ($ millions), the number of theatres the movie was shown in, and the number of weeks the motion picture was in the top 60 for gross sales are common variablesRead MoreEssay about Film Analysis of King Kong Produced by Merian C. Cooper651 Words   |  3 PagesFilm Analysis of King Kong Produced by Merian C. Cooper A classic adventure-fantasy film in the earlier talking films is King Kong (1933). King Kong was conceived by director/producer Merian C. Cooper. Cooper tells the story of an attractive blonde woman and a frightening gigantic ape-monster who are immersed in a Beauty and the Beast type tale. A major section of the film is the struggle on Skull Island between the filmmakers, the islanders, and the other resident of the islandRead MoreDigital Piracy Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesof video cassettes, it required certain equipment and piracy behaviour was limited (Waterman et al., 2007). The rise of the computer and World Wide Web, however, simplified the unauthorised duplication and storage of copyrighted content and caused movie piracy to soar substantially (Fetscherin, 2005). Digital piracy can generally occur offline (through the copying of discs and files) and online (through the downloading and sharing of files). A recent study revealed that approximately 24% of globalRead MoreImax Corporation : An Overview1066 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent sectors: Photograp hic Equipment and Supplies, Motion Picture and Video Tape Production and Motion Picture and Video Distribution. The first IMAX film premiered in 1970 in Japan at the Fuji Pavilion. IMAX has grown significantly since its foundation and in 2008, was located in 295 theaters in 40 different counties. About 50 perfect of IMAX’s theaters are located in educational institutions such as museums, zoos and aquariums. In 2007 movie theater attendance was 1,400 million with the averageRead MoreEssay about Censorship1357 Words   |  6 PagesCensorship The movie industry became a big hit in America after 1910. These movies were silent movies so therefore; we didn’t have the problem with vulgar language. The first spoken movie was in 1927, called The Jazz Singer. At that time, the movie industry was so worried about keeping his or her audience happy and didn’t want to offend anyone. That we didn’t have the problems that we have today. In 1922, William H. Hays founded the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America. ThisRead MoreThe Driving Force in Entertainment is the Motion Picture1149 Words   |  5 PagesANALYSIS OF MOTION PICTURE REVIEW AND SYNTHESIZE The motion picture is the main driving force of the entertainment market, one of the biggest export markets, the United States. Movie industry is divided into three stages: studio production, distribution, and exhibition. Movie studios, is the lifeblood of the industry. No matter the size of the studio, it is a product of integration and release. The next stage is the distribution. The distribution is an intermediary between studios and exhibitorsRead MoreMotion Picture Industry1157 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis: Ch.2 #1 - The motion picture industry is a competitive industry. Each year, more than 50 studios produce a total of 300 to 400 new motion pictures. This managerial report is based on data collected for a sample of 100 motion pictures produced in 2005 and will evaluate the financial success of these motion pictures by using 4 major variables – (A) Opening Gross Sales, (B) Total Gross Sales, (C) Number of Theaters, and (D) Weeks in Top 60. (A) Opening Gross Sales−this variable indicates

Viking 1 and 2 the First Major Landers on Mars

•Explain the Difference(S) Among the Many Gang Organizations.

Gangs ENC 3211 Instructor Okeeffe June 29, 2013 Cheryl Pulley Abstract Gangs started earlier than people may think. They consist of robbers, gamblers and vandalism along with the names that were foreign and goofy. Their identity can be from culture, religion even race. Irish opened up cheap corner stores to cover their illegal activities. Some people join gangs because their families, friends or some are even threaten to join. Researchers found that some members only stay for at least a year or less. A gang is a group of people that shares a purpose or an identity. The shared identity can be based on culture, class, religion or even ethnicity (Delaney, 2006). Gangs have been around for hundreds of years. They go back as far as†¦show more content†¦There are four elements that constitute social disorganization; 1. Low economic status 2. A mixture of different ethnic group. 3. Highly mobile residents moving in and out of the area. 4. Disrupted families and broken homes. (Delaney, 2006) Joining a gang to some youth are very exciting (in their mind) the new recruit must be â€Å"jumped† in. Meaning they will have to fight one or more gang member to be accepted. Or they may want them to do a criminal act before they can get in. They feel as though they (the gang) can give them what they are lacking at home, from protection to security. Youth, mainly boys between the ages of 12 and 24, maybe from broken homes with no stability, lack of kids needs (food, clothin g, and shelter). The absent of a male role model in the home, some feel rejected by family as well as neglected. So they seek the attention elsewhere. Most join gangs to feel wanted, secure. If the family characteristics of little communication, set rules, punishment and other parental duties were taken serious, their youth will less likely to join a gang. Gang members may only associate with the ones who will accept them in behaviors, value and goals. Children that are not supervised are higher in their adolescence years to seek social interest in their peers that seems to have more fun in a gang. This turns out to be not so much fun when they do criminal activities. (.nationalgangcenter) Parents and teachers doShow MoreRelatedHispanic Adolescent Youth Gangs Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pages Gangs have been a point of concern for states and societies around the world for centuries. Youth gangs are not exempt from that same categorization and have operated for the same amount of time worldwide. Over the last century however, a proliferation of youth gangs has been witnessed, especially among Hispanic youths immigrating into the United States. Researchers and scholars have offered multiple theories as to why youths, and Hispanics youths in particular integrate themselves into gang organizationsRead MoreWhy People Commit The Crime Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagesjuvenile delinquency is social disorganization, strain, social process, control, labeling, conflict, and development life course theory. We will compare and contrast these different theories with a focus on adolescent involvement in criminal street gangs. Social disorganization is defined as an inability of community members to achieve shared values or to solve jointly experienced problems (Bursik, 1988). In recent decades, the themes of social disorganization theory have been more clearly articulatedRead MoreThe Role Of Gangs On The Criminal Justice System1587 Words   |  7 PagesBrendan O’Callaghan 2/24/16 Juvenile Justice Gangs Assessed Juveniles’ participation in gangs is an ongoing issue continuing to face the Unites States of America’s criminal justice system in modern society. The first active gangs to appear within Western society were inscribed by a respected chronicler of crime in Britain 1873. Gangs first emerged into American society around 1783 as the American Revolution drew to a close. More serious street gangs, however, did not surface until the early partRead MoreFactors That Affect Police Decision Making Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pagesofficers are questioned if it was the right one. Whether to intervene, and if the decision to intervene is made, and how best to intervene are parts of decision making made by a police officer. Deciding whether and how to intervene can take an officer in many different directions, and he or she must be prepared for and trained to handle each one effectively. Officers conceive discretion either in the letter of the law which they issue citations for every infraction or the spirit of the law and looks atRead MoreThe Mafia s Influence On Hip Hop1603 Words   |  7 Pagesculture, history, social impact and influence on society. Hip-Hop/Rap is one of the most popular genre of music. It has helped shape the pop culture into what it is today. What is popular culture? The ideas, activities or products, which are popular among the general mass. In today’s pop culture, one subject that is at the top of the list is hip-hop/rap. Hip-Hop music highlights verses consisting of slang and catchy phrases, which some parents find troublesome. However, the younger generation find itRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesan excursion to other countries and their causes of delinquency. The increasing globalization and the need for collaboration between the different countries make this comparison necessary. Causes of Juvenile Delinquency There are many theories that attempt to explain the causes of juvenile delinquency. Those theories either focus on the individual or on the society as a major influencing factor. Theories that consider the individuals as the cause, assume that children and juveniles commit crimesRead MoreCorrelation Between Gang And Gang Delinquency1859 Words   |  8 PagesWhen potential gang members become exposed to certain life situations they have a higher risk of joining a gang. When someone joins a gang they become susceptible to partaking in actions that they would not normally do. This paper will give some idea of what a gang is and describe some factors that can motivate a person to get involved with a gang. It will also explain the problem associated with an increase of gang member activity that result of a higher gang homicide. The data will show that theRead MoreCorrelation Between Gang And Gang Delinquency1832 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction When potential gang members become exposed to certain life situations they have a higher risk of joining a gang. When someone joins a gang they become susceptible to partaking in actions that they would not normally do. This paper will give some idea of what a gang is and describe some factors that can motivate a person to get involved with a gang. It will also explain the problem associated with an increase of gang member activity that result of a higher gang homicide. The data will showRead MoreCrime through the Sociological Perspective: All Over but the Shoutin’2497 Words   |  10 Pagescareer as a journalist. Having a neglectful father and a struggling single mother, Bragg and his family went through many hardships that can seem both unreal to some and commonplace to others. As he started to pursue his career as a journalist, he was a first hand witness to many atrocities, such as the riots in Miami in 1991. While reading through the text, it is astonishing h ow many references there are about different theoretical aspects of crime. There is no question that criminal activity provesRead MoreAcceptance of Tattoos and Body Piercing in a Modern Age1568 Words   |  7 Pagespeople. Tattoos are becoming much more popular based on comparing those statistics to the results of a 1936 Life magazine estimates of 10 million Americans had at least one tattoo. As for body piercing, no statistics are kept, and it is unknown how many Americans have them, but healthcare providers and dentists say they are seeing more everyday. Even though most tattoos and body piercing were difficult to adorn in the past because of the discrimination against and limitations of individuals who have

Sample Literary Research Paper Free Essays

Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, best known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, has written many novels, poems, and short stories in his lifetime but his most famous for his children’s â€Å"nonsense† novels: Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and the sequel Through the Looking Glass. His works, especially the two mentioned, have influenced countless readers over the years, and references to his writings can be found in every type of media from the song â€Å"White Rabbit† by Jefferson Airplane to the the Matrix trilogy. While both books are intended for a child’s entertainment, they are full of symbolism and hidden critique. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Literary Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now His clever wordplay, use of logic and reasoning, and incredible imagination are all trademarks of his style of writing, which is often referred to as â€Å"literary nonsense. † To readers with little experience with Carroll’s work, this term seems to perfectly describe Carroll’s confusing and often rambling style, but when more thoroughly inspected, it becomes obvious that this â€Å"nonsense† has a far deeper meaning. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is about a young girl, Alice, who gets bored doing her multiplication tables one day and follows a white rabbit into a hole. Through this hole, she ends up falling into Wonderland, a place where there are potions and foods that can change the drinker’s size, a tea party thrown by a Mad Hatter and a March Hare, and a Caucus-race that everybody wins. As Alice journeys through Wonderland she meets stranger and stranger, or, as she says, â€Å"’Curiouser and curiouser! ‘† (15), characters such as a hookah-smoking caterpillar sitting on a mushroom and a grinning Cheshire Cat who is not all there all the time: â€Å"’Well I’ve often seen a cat without a grin,’ thought Alice; ‘but a grin without a cat! It’s the most curious thing I ever saw in all my life! ‘† (94). She runs into three gardeners who are painting the Queen of Hearts’ roses from white to red so she will not cut their heads off. Alice and the Queen play a game of croquet in which the mallets are live flamingos and the balls are hedgehogs until the Queen eventually orders the beheading of everyone but Alice, the King, and herself. The book ends with Alice discovering that the whole experience was a dream from falling asleep while doing her multiplication. The story itself became much more popular upon the release of the Disney animated version. Many parts of this movie, however, were not originally found in the book but are instead found in its sequel. Through The Looking Glass is very similar to Alice’s other journey, but this time she steps through her mirror, also known as a looking glass, and finds herself on a giant chess board inhabited by the Red and White chess pieces from the set in her room. When she asks the Red Queen if she can play, she is told she can take the place of a white pawn and start on the second square and will become a queen if she reaches the eighth. She eventually meets Tweedle Dee and Tweedle Dum who tell her the poem â€Å"The Walrus and the Carpenter. † She later meets Humpty Dumpty who tells her that he can make words mean whatever he wants and then proceeds to explain to her the meaning of the poem â€Å"Jabberwocky. † Alice is then taken prisoner by a Red Knight and later rescued by a White Knight, both of whom keep falling off their horses, and guided safely to the eighth square where she is made a queen and invited to the Red and White Queen’s nonsensical dinner party, after which she once again wakes up and realizes that the whole thing was just a dream. The poem â€Å"The Walrus and The Carpenter† from Through the Looking Glass is a classic tale narrated by Tweedle Dee and Tweedle Dum about a walrus and a carpenter who, while strolling down the beach one sunny night, convince a large bunch of oysters to take a walk with them: â€Å"Their shoes were clean and neat-/ And this was odd, because, you know,/ They hadn’t any feet† (74-75). After much talk of whimsical nonsense, the walrus and the carpenter eat the unsuspecting oysters. There are many speculations on what the symbolism behind this poem actually is, but one theory, addressed in the movie Dogma, suggests that it is about religions tricking their followers. According to this theory, the walrus represents Eastern religions as either Buddha or Ganesha, while the carpenter represents Jesus and all Western religions. The two of them trick the helpless oysters, representing the innocent masses, with their words and then use them for their own gain, which in this case is as food. Many argue that this is not the true meaning behind the poem since Carroll was also an Anglican clergyman, but it is also noted that he was pushed towards his clergy position by his father and eventually grew to dislike the whole of the Anglican Church. The true meaning of the poem may never be known since Carroll never told anyone, and it was one of many things left unexplained in his diaries. â€Å"Jabberwocky† is yet another famous poem from Through the Looking Glass, containing many of the characteristics that earned Carroll’s works the title â€Å"literary nonsense. This poem is first read by Alice when she holds the book containing it up to her mirror, and the first stanza is later told by her to Humpty Dumpty when he claims to be able to explain any poem ever invented and a good many that haven’t been invented yet. â€Å"Jabberwocky† is about a boy who is warned by his father to beware the Jabberwock, a great beast with jaws that bite and claws tha t catch, and so takes his vorpal sword and seeks the beast. When they meet, the boy slays the monster and takes its head back to his father to receive his praise. Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice that many of the words in the poem are portmanteaus, or words with two meanings packed into them. For instance, â€Å"slithy† means both â€Å"lithe† and â€Å"slimy,† while â€Å"mimsy† is â€Å"flimsy† and â€Å"miserable† at the same time. He also clears up the rest of the nonsense words in this poem such as â€Å"outgribing,† which he says is something between bellowing and whistling with a sneeze in the middle. The first stanza goes: â€Å"Twas brillig, and the slithy toves / Did gyre and gimble in the wabe / All mimsy were the borogoves / And the mome raths outgrabe† (126). As Humpty explains it to Alice, this loosely translates to, It was four in the afternoon and the slithy toves, a mix between a badger, a lizard, and a corkscrew, went round and round the grass-plot of a sundial until they had worn holes in the ground. The borogoves, thin, shabby birds with their feathers sticking out, were mimsy and the mome raths, sorts of green pigs that lost their way, outgribed. This style of making up words to describe altogether new concepts or creatures as he pictured them has been compared to that of Dr. Seuss: it provides entertainment to children who laugh at these nonsense words, while at the same time has its own meaning when explained. Lewis Carroll had a writing style unlike any seen before his time. His â€Å"literary nonsense† has provided entertainment for countless children, while amusing and stimulating the minds of adults at the same time. While many of the characters and events in Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass are known or debated symbols or references to something else, their true meanings could only ever be understood by Carroll himself. How to cite Sample Literary Research Paper, Essays

Methodology For Business Management Studies â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Methodology For Business Management Studies? Answer: Introducation A dramatic increase is seen in the number of users who are using internet all over the world (Gavrilova and et.al., 2017). People use internet for number of purposes including online shopping, banking etc. Studies have been conducted by a number of researchers which evaluates that convenience is one of the major factor which influence buyers to opt for internet transaction. However, some scholars reveal that buyers are attracted towards online platform because of its time-saving approach. In accordance with the given context, the recent study states facts and figures related to internet statistics. There are 3.74 billion users who are using internet in the present economy. However, the study also reveals that only 35 percent users are there who makes online payment for any kind of transaction (Internet Stats Facts for 2017, 2017). Thus, rest 65 percent people wont trust the online platform for the payment of their purchased goods and services. This might be due to a significant rise in the number of online fraud which is affecting the trust of buyers. Thus, it is due to the presence of given aspect many firms are making effort for improving their online security system. As per the view point of Pathan (2016) online security system is basically the approach which includes a systematic process for protecting the personal data of the buyers from any kind of threat that occurs over internet. Furthermore, it has also being assessed that organization could gain trust of its buyers by making improvement in its online security system. This is because no customers wants that their personal information will be misused by any company. Thus, it is the reason why online security system has importance for the companies which are involved in an online platform. In this regard, it is examined that in order to mark success in today's competitive environment it is required by the corporation that it should build trust among its buyers regarding its services. This is because if it is not maintained then for enterprise it will become very difficult to make improvements in its sales and profits in an effectual way. This thing will also influence the competitive position of the firm in market. Visa Inc is the American multinational company and its headquarter is located in California, USA. The company basically facilitates the transfer of funds through an electronic platform. It is counted among worlds second largest card payment organization and firm issue credit and debit cards. It has the team of more than 12000 employees who continually work for the betterment of company. In the current study also Visa Inc Company is going through with the similar type of problem. Herein, from the given case it is examined that significant increase in the online fraud is making impact upon the operation of the firm. Thus, with an aim to resolve the specific issue Visa Inc wants to analyse the effectiveness of its online security system in enhancing trust of its buyers. The company is also interested in assessing the perception of buyers towards the online security system. In the current study, specific aims and objectives will be framed. Moreover, with an aim to give effective answers to the formulated research questions assistance will be taken from different research techniques. At the end of the study, timeline will be framed which gives the description about the total time needed for completing whole research work. The success of any research thoroughly depends upon the well-defined purpose as well as objectives (Silverman, 2016). Because these things set the path for any study and thus leads researcher towards the right direction. In this context, following are the aim and objectives of the current study. Research aim The main aim of the study "To analyze the usefulness of online security system in improving the trust of customers towards card payment: a case analysis of Visa Inc". Research objectives On the basis of above mentioned aim following objectives are framed: To explore the type and importance of online security system used by companies. To examine the effectiveness of online security system used by companies with specific reference to Visa Inc. To assess the perception of Visa Inc customers towards its online security system. To recommend the ways of improving customer trust as well as market share of Visa Inc. It is very important for the researchers that they should take sufficient time while making the selection of appropriate methodologies for their study (Vaioleti, 2016). It is due to the fact that research methodologies are the base which assists researchers in the task of attaining the aim and objectives of the study in an effectual way (Weber, 2017). In this respect, following are the methodologies which will be used to attain formulated objectives of the study. Research Design Research design gives details about the procedure which scholar uses for the purpose to collect and analyse data for its study. Furthermore, it also gives the explanation about the type of conducted study. In other words it can be said that, research design is basically overall tactic which assists scholar in the task of integrating the different components of the study (Humphries, 2017). Research design has its significance for the researchers because it shows the path for conducting study upon any topic. It also help researcher in the activity of defining problem of the study in an effectual manner. Thus, in research design plays very important and critical role for reserachers. In this context, it is examined that there are many researchers who failed at the initial phase of study because of lack of definition of research problem (Marais and Pienaar-Marais (2016). The research design is of four types such as explanatory, descriptive, diagnostic and experimental etc. In the explanatory research design, researchers use their own idea as well as imagination with an aim to obtain information in relation to their study. Here, scholar does not formulate any hypothesis. On the other hand, researchers make use of descriptive research design when they are more interested in giving detail explanation about the specific situation under their study (Patino and et.al., 2016). However, when scholars are more interested in assessing the root cause of the problem at that time they take help from diagnostic research design. Moreover, experimental research design is used by researchers when they assess the behavior of human under a particular situation. In the selected topic under study which is of analyzing the usefulness of online security system in improving trust of Visa Inc customers towards card payment descriptive research will be used. This is applied because of the clear definition of the problem of current study. This study is qualitative in nature and due to this respective research design seems more appropriate. Research approach The research approach is basically the tactic which is used to conduct the study in an effectual manner. It is of two types such as inductive and deductive. Researchers make use of deductive approach when they want to move their study from general to specific. However, its reverse approach is followed in inductive research wherein scholars carry out their study from specific to general (Francis, D. J. and et.al., 2017). In addition to this, deductive research approach is used when scholars have formulated a hypothesis for their study. But, in case if researchers do not formulate any hypothesis for their study at that time inductive research approach will be applied. For the present study, inductive research approach will be applied. This is because here researchers have not formulated any hypothesis. Moreover, the problem of current study is well defined which makes easier for the scholars with regard to move its research from specific to general criteria. Research philosophies It is being regarded as another most important aspect of research methodology. Research philosophy gives clear definition about nature of knowledge. The philosophies are of four types such as interpretivism, realism, pragmatism, and positivism (Caillaud, Rose and Goepp, 2016). Here, researchers make use of interpretivism philosophy when their selected sample size is relatively small. But in case of large sample size, positivism research philosophy is applied. Further, pragmatism approach applied when study reveal the presence of both qualitative and quantitative information. In the similar way, when method chosen for the study perfectly fit to the subject matter of research at that time realism philosophy is used. In present study, since the selected sample size is small so interpretivism research philosophy will be applied. This will also help in defining problem of the study in an effectual manner. Questionnaire It is impossible for the scholars to make an analysis of whole population for their study. It is due to the presence of given aspect there is a need of selecting sample arises in front of a researcher. Thus, sample is nothing but the subset of whole population of the conducted study. The selected sample will be considered as effective if it appropriately reflect the feature or the characteristics of targeted population under research (Wildemuth, 2016). In the present study which is on analyzing the usefulness of online security system in improving trust of Visa Inc customers towards card payment targeted population will be the company total customer base. However, with an aim to make a selection of specific sample size random sampling technique will be used. This will be applied because with the help of it each customers of Visa Inc can be given an equal chance of being selected as the sample. Thus, by making use of respective technique, 50 Visa Inc customers will be selected as a sample for the current study. Data collection Data collection consists of methods which are used for gathering data for the study. It is of two types such as primary and secondary (Cronin, 2016). In the present study both methods will be applied. Here, primary data will be selected through questionnaire which possesses both open and close ended type of questions (Holloway Galvin, 2016). In the similar way, secondary data will be gathered with the help of means like books, journals and online articles etc. For collecting data, significant supervision is required because here researcher is using both techniques of data collection. Hence, for increasing the efficiency of its study suggestion will be gathered from mentor who is giving guidance in the respective study. Data analysis After collecting data, in the next stage researchers will have to make an analysis of the same in order to reach on to the specific solution. Hence, for the current study collected data will be analyzed through thematic technique (Greenfield Greener, 2016). In this method number of themes will be prepared on the basis of formulated questionnaire. This will assist in fulfilling aim and objectives of the current study. Budget And Timeline 29000 Australian Dollar will be the budget of respective study. Furthermore, 6 week time will be required for completing the study in an effectual manner. The segregation of research work will be done by using Gantt chart technique (van den Brink, et.al, 2016). The description of the same is given below. Task 1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 5 week 6 week Background of the study Research aim and objectives Literature review Primary data collection Research methodology Data analysis Conclusion Submission Of final report References Caillaud, E., Rose, B., and Goepp, V. (2016). Research methodology for systems engineering: some recommendations.IFAC-PapersOnLine,49(12), pp.1567-1572. Cronin, C. (2016). Case Study Research: A Methodology for Nursing.Nursing Research Using Case Studies: Qualitative Designs and Methods in Nursing, 55. Francis, D. J., and et.al., (2017). Issues in Research Methodology on Educator Stress. InEducator Stress. pp. 439-470. Gavrilova, M. L. and et.al., (2017). Emerging trends in security system design using the concept of social behavioural biometrics. InInformation Fusion for Cyber-Security Analytics.pp.229-251. Greenfield, T., Greener, S. (2016).Research methods for postgraduates. John Wiley Sons. Holloway, I., Galvin, K. (2016).Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. John Wiley Sons. Humphries, B. (2017).Re-thinking social research: anti-discriminatory approaches in research methodology. Taylor Francis. Marais, H. C., and Pienaar-Marais, M. (2016). Analysis of Research Methodology in Business and Management Studies as Reflected in the ECRM 2015 Proceedings. InEuropean Conference on Research Methodology for Business and Management Studies. pp. 167. Pathan, A. S. K. (2016).Security of self-organizing networks: MANET, WSN, WMN, VANET. CRC press. Patino, C. M., and et.al. (2016). Building Research Capacity In Middle And Low-Income Countries Through Research Methodology And Career Development Education. InD102. FIGURING OUT WHAT WE DON'T KNOW: ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION.pp. A7567-A7567. Silverman, D. (2016).Qualitative research. Sage. Vaioleti, T. M. (2016). Talanoa research methodology: A developing position on Pacific research.Waikato Journal of Education,12(1). van den Brink, A., et.al., (2016).Research in landscape architecture: methods and methodology. Routledge. Weber, M. (2017).Methodology of social sciences. Routledge. Wildemuth, B. M. (2016).Applications of social research methods to questions in information and library science. ABC-CLIO. Internet Stats Facts for 2017. (2017). [Online]. Available through: https://hostingfacts.com/internet-facts-stats-2016/. [Accessed on 21st September 2017]

U.S. Patriotism A Link to American Hatred. Politi Essay Example For Students

U.S. Patriotism: A Link to American Hatred. Politi Essay cs in the Media As Americans, we believe that world events over the next few years will unfold from September 11th. The safety and security that we all felt before will never be the same. While Americans continue to recover our enemies continue to plan a way to bring us to our knees once again. Many of us will never again be able to fly without a fear of what if and many of us will never again be able to turn on the morning news without the fear of what if. We tend to have the attitude that terrorist attacks are events that happen in other countries like Israel where peace is unsteady. Many of us never dreamed of having it in our own front yard and to compound those affects by seeing parts of the world celebrating at the sight of a super power falling to its knees. While the attacks themselves are a focal point for many scholars, I will focus not on the attacks, but rather I will ask questions as to why the attacks happened and why it hurt so much to see others smile happily at the sight of our pain. Americans are shocked to see that others would ever wish us pain. Much of this is taught to us at an early age, that everyone wants to be American and that the American Dream is the only way to live a full and happy life. What role does the media play in continuing this naivet of American society and how does the media in other countries account for our pain? How does our super power mentality play in this picture and why do many citizens of the world feel ill will towards Americans? I will address these questions by reviewing foreign newscasts and magazine articles, interviewing international politics experts, and finally interviewing an expert in American foreign policy. As citizens in a democracy we deserve the truth. The truth about how our government treats citizens of other countries and other accounts of how bad U.S. Foreign Policy creates negative feelings towards American citizens themselves. To understand how the American media plays into a bigger picture of the foreign media it is important to understand how they both operate. In The Politics of Illusions by Lance Bennett he writes about notable media differences. Lance writes: A fascinating example of how these work routines affect news content was discovered by Timothy Cook in a study of Gulf crisis coverage in the United States and France. Immediately following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, television networks assigned their reporters to get reactions from key sources. American newscasts flipped through the golden triangle of Washington news beats: the White House, State Department, and Pentagon. Since the invasion had just occurred, there was no official reaction to be had. However, the reporters were pressured to say something, and they effectively invented the kinds of vague pronouncements that one might expect from officials in sensitive political posts at the early stage of world crisis. By contrast, French reporters (who do not operate on U.S. -style beat system) interviewed various political party leaders and generated a comparatively broad range of political views about the meanings and implications of the invasion. (Bennett 119) To understand that most U.S. reporters not only have lost sight of real journalism is to also realize that those same reporters sometimes knowingly hide the truth beneath many lays of non-important information. The reporter and political official relationship is set to operate off one another. The politics could never play out without the reporters but on that same side the politics could never play out without a reporter willing to report what the political official wants to be heard. .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd , .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd .postImageUrl , .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd , .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd:hover , .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd:visited , .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd:active { border:0!important; } .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd:active , .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u65f451c9e85454d2f2edaa72fb4d23dd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: To Kill A Mocking Bird By Lee (1089 words) Essay A politicians public fate often lies in the trustworthiness of a reporter. Lance talks about how fragile this relationship is by stating, When those sources are powerful officials surrounded by an entourage of eager reporters clamoring for news, it is always possible that those who report what officials want them to will be rewarded while those who fail to convert key political messages into news will be punished. (Bennett 120) Foreign policy encompasses more than war and peace, it .

Vocation and Religion free essay sample

A discussion on the way in which Samuel Butler satirizes the idea that ones vocation must be religious or theological in the nature of its calling with reference to his book, The Way of All Flesh. The following paper examines the way in which Butler suggests religion can prove an obstacle to finding an individuals true purpose in life in his book , The Way of All Flesh.References are made to Robert Brownings poem Fra Lippo Lippi. and Tennysons Locksley Hall, in which both the central characters have vocations that are not religiously sanctioned vocations. Before the full flowering of the Victorian Era in British society, the nature of what constituted an individuals vocation was primarily understood primarily in theological terms. Even today, the Merriam Websters Collegiate Dictionary defines the word vocation as a summons or a strong inclination to a particular state or course of action but especially as a divine call to the religious life. We will write a custom essay sample on Vocation and Religion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, the increasing interest in science, history, and secular identity caused Victorian society as a whole to undergo a profound destabilization. Both the religious and social moral structures that had prioritized religion as a means for providing an individual with his or her ideal occupation were called into question. Rather than viewing those called to the clergy as the only recipients of a unique gift or vocation, the idea that religion was the only calling an individual could experience is called into question in a number of Victorian narratives of self-understanding.

Free Essays on The Problem With Modern Education

The Problem With Modern Education Mark Edmundson provides a graphic portrayal of his opinion of college students and professors. He states that after the baby boom, â€Å"College became a buyers market. What students and their parents wanted had to be taken more and more into account. That usually meant creating more comfortable, less challenging environments, places where almost no one failed, everything was enjoyable, and everyone was nice† (Edmundson 153). Other authors, such as Brent Staples and John Holt also support this opinion. The belief that college professors are getting soft and students are getting lazy is not a new idea. These thoughts have been progressing towards their current state since the late 1980’s. Brent Staples believes that many college departments, especially those in the humanities, shower students with higher grades in order to keep low-demand classes at the minimum enrollment. â€Å"As a result of the university’s widening elective leeway, students have more power over teachers† (Edmundson 153). For example, at Drexel University, and many universities across the country, they are doing away with tenure and more and more professors are part-time, and have no security in their job. This leads to professors tailoring their instruction to what the student, the â€Å"consumer† wants and needs. Though the pressure on the professors to lower standards is very strong, there is little pressure put on students to perform to the standards that college used to be defined by. John Holt insists that school does nothing but corrupt young students and make them less curious, wise, and intuitive than they were before. College used to be a rite of passage for the few chosen intellectuals who would choose to broaden their horizons by means of further education. Higher education no longer gives students the knowledge they will need to succeed in the real working world. College has become so lax that stu... Free Essays on The Problem With Modern Education Free Essays on The Problem With Modern Education The Problem With Modern Education Mark Edmundson provides a graphic portrayal of his opinion of college students and professors. He states that after the baby boom, â€Å"College became a buyers market. What students and their parents wanted had to be taken more and more into account. That usually meant creating more comfortable, less challenging environments, places where almost no one failed, everything was enjoyable, and everyone was nice† (Edmundson 153). Other authors, such as Brent Staples and John Holt also support this opinion. The belief that college professors are getting soft and students are getting lazy is not a new idea. These thoughts have been progressing towards their current state since the late 1980’s. Brent Staples believes that many college departments, especially those in the humanities, shower students with higher grades in order to keep low-demand classes at the minimum enrollment. â€Å"As a result of the university’s widening elective leeway, students have more power over teachers† (Edmundson 153). For example, at Drexel University, and many universities across the country, they are doing away with tenure and more and more professors are part-time, and have no security in their job. This leads to professors tailoring their instruction to what the student, the â€Å"consumer† wants and needs. Though the pressure on the professors to lower standards is very strong, there is little pressure put on students to perform to the standards that college used to be defined by. John Holt insists that school does nothing but corrupt young students and make them less curious, wise, and intuitive than they were before. College used to be a rite of passage for the few chosen intellectuals who would choose to broaden their horizons by means of further education. Higher education no longer gives students the knowledge they will need to succeed in the real working world. College has become so lax that stu...

Safety And Danger Of GM Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Safety And Danger Of GM Food - Essay Example Using findings from studies that have been conducted and an analysis of the genetic makeup and the number of chromosomes of various organisms, this paper will establish facts about the concept of genetic mutations. It will examine and establish the facts behind the allegation that genetic engineering techniques are the reason behind the increased number of cancer cases globally. Cancer is caused by the existence and persistent growth of cells which are unregulated. It occurs where there is an unregulated growth of cells after cell division in a certain area of the body and the cancerous cells are capable of spreading to other parts of the body. The concept that genetically modified foods are carcinogenic is disputed because the predisposing factors to cancer are vast and their scope is not well understood by experts. Arguments for the case are for the opinion that the genetic composition of humans could be altered the same way that of plants is altered by the introduction of foreign genes thus causing the growth of cancerous cells. Even though there are scientists who see it as baseless, some have still gone ahead and conducted a number of experiments to determine the real effects of genetically modified foods have been conducted using rats. In this particular experiment, a group of rats is fed on a lifelong diet of some of the best selling genetically modified corn while the control experiment was fed with normal nongenetically modified meals. A report by Poulter, 2012, on the studies conducted showed that the rats that were fed with genetically modified corn developed tumors and some of their organs stopped functioning properly. 65 percent of them had developed tumors by the twenty-fourth month. On the other hand, the tumor rate of the rats that had been fed with normal food was at thirty percent (Poulter, web).

Crime mapping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crime mapping - Essay Example Clustering is indicated by the nearest neighbour index (NNI) and the NNI value from the table are 0.5746, 0.4679 and 0.4838 for shift 1, shift 2 and shift 3 respectively. An NNI value of 1 indicates random clustering and therefore the above NNI values are less than 1 and this indicates clustering of occurring offences. The P values for the three shifts is p value = 0.0001 and because this value is less than 0.05 then the clustering of occurring offences are statistically significant. From the table shift two has NNI value 0.4679 and a standard deviation distance value of 2887.5 and this is the lowest NNI value meaning that this shift is more clustered than all the other shifts, shift 1 has the highest NNI value of 0.5746 and a standard deviation distance value of 3039 meaning that this shift is less clustered. Shift three has a median NNI value of 0.4838 and a standard deviation distance value of 3104.7. Shift two has the lowest NNI value and this is an indication that given that shift two time is from16Hours to 24Hours there are less police officers and security agents available during this time of the day and therefore higher clustering of occurring offences. Shift one has a NNI value of 0.5746 which is statistically significant at 0.05 level of tests and this is the highest NNI value meaning that there is less clustering of occurring offences, this shift time is from 9 hours to 15 hours and during this time of the day more police officers and security agents are available and therefore less clustering of occurring offences. Shift three has a median value of NNI and this means that this shift has less clustering of occurring offences than shift two but higher clustering of occurring offences than shift one. This means that during shift three we have higher clustering of occurring offences than shift one but less clustering of occurring offences than shift two. From the above discussion it is evident that during the first shift which is from

Importance of Brand Management in SMEs

Importance of Brand Management in SMEs Study on Fast Food Takeaways of West London Executive Summary Many remarkable studies and literatures have been produced which discusses critical activities of the Brand management in LOs (Large organizations) while research on the importance of the brand management this in SME (Small Business Enterprises) has been neglected. I have tried to emphasis in my dissertation that what were those important factors of brand management which can be applied in small business so that these businesses can develop a better brand image in the market. I have tried to limit my research on the fast food takeaways of west London area. My dissertation is based on primary and secondary research to support the literature and authenticity. It has been highlighted in the previous studies that two major research streams have been emerged in this field first focuses on providing an overarching brand management framework to guide managerial decision making (Keller, 1998; Macrae, 1996; Aaker, 1991; Park, Jaworski, and MacInnis, 1986) while the other concentrates on various discrete aspects of the process (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2000; Berthon, Hulbert, and Pitt 1999a; de Chernatony and Riley 1998). Two gaps in the literature have been identified; 1) It has been identified that developed organizations are involved in numerous courses at once, 2) the brand management researches had been focusing utterly on large organizations, while the small and medium enterprises have been overlooked (Berrthon, Ewing, Napoli, 2008) To manage a brand image requires a number of activities which shows that importance of brand management in SME are different than large organizations. On this basis an important question has been raised by the authors that how brands are in fact controlled in SME. Though I am not been able to find any study specifically focusing on brand management in SMEs but I have tried to explore the areas mentioned by previous authors. Visual identifications, exhibiting business in food exhibitions and magazine and keeping customer records are some of the important factors mentioned by the respondents. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Following Blankson, C. and Omar, O.E. (2002), SME is explained as a small to medium firm having employees less then 250, having a relatively small share of the market in economic terms, and managed by its owner(s) in a personalized way. Brands may have been there for more than a 1,000 years; but never has any society come across the influence of branding as is witnessed nowadays. Brands are prevailing in all portions of human life like food and clothing, production and consumption, personality and lifestyle and pop culture to politics. Branding themselves has become a kind of culture because it promotes represents brands and like yesterday, it is no longer just about adding value to a product. In the eyes of Carson, D. (1990) (quoted in Hall, 1999); brands are currently gunning for a share of inner lives, their values, their beliefs, their politics, and their souls of consumers. The effect of brands and branding is far away from the field of marketing and advertising. Branding is an economic construct as it has been considered from both marketing and financial perspectives and is a social construct as brands hasnt been completely understood owing to the lack of academic research in this area. Advertising in all probability is the most visible factor of marketing but branding in all probability is at the centre of any marketing communications. The roots of most problems of advertising lies in branding strategy. In 1990s Benettons shocking advertising tactic is an infamous example. Majority people would relate to a big business brand with large advertising expenditures, trying to reinforce the mindset that big businesses can be brands unlike the small businesses. Small business branding is frequently referred to as an oxymoron, so might the term entrepreneurial branding (Blankson, C. and Stokes. D, 2002). In small business branding, there is very less research. The research is mainly concerned with brand management of an existing venture. There seems to be very less academic research of branding in small business new ventures. In SME marketing management it has been recognised that management style; operations and functions of SMEs are different from LOs (Knight, 2000; Cohn and Lindberg, 1972). The use of advertising or recruitment agencies is rare. Definition of survival mentality has been mentioned as ‘when a business meets resources and time constraints SME managers adapt a habit called Survival Mentality. Marketing, human resource, management and general business planning are the major problems quoted by the authors in an SME (Huang and Brown, 1999). Corporate image and corporate reputations have been differentiated under the umbrella of brand management. Corporate image has been defined as the â€Å"publics latest beliefs about the company† (Balmer, 1998 cited in Berrthon, Ewing, Napoli, 2008, p. 29) while corporate reputations has been defined as â€Å"value judgments about an organizations qualities, trustworthiness and reliability built up over time† (Balmer, 1998; Fombrun and Van Riel, 1997 cited in Berrthon, Ewing, Napoli, 2008, p.29). It has been mentioned that there is a consistency between an organizations and stakeholders belief about a brand though unfortunately SME and stakeholder relation hasnt been discussed yet in detail. The importance of the building a positive brand image in the market has been emphasized in order to create a niche in the market place. â€Å"Regardless of whether an organization is comprised of a singular or multiple brands, it is necessary that marketing efforts be directed tow ard establishing and maintaining a positive brand image in the minds of key stakeholders. Ultimately, this can contribute to the development of a favorable corporate reputation† (de Chernatony, 1999, cited in Berrthon, Ewing, Napoli, 2008, p. 30). â€Å"Few small businesses follow a reputation building strategy and when a need for â€Å"image management† is recognized, it is often limited to implementing a public relations campaign† (Goldberg, Cohen, and Fiegenbaum, 2003 cited in Berrthon, Ewing, Napoli, 2008, p. 30). However, a brand can be best considered as a psychological phenomenon. Formally, a brand can be defined as a â€Å"name, sign, symbol, logo, etc. that identifies the goods and services of one selling the goods and differentiates the goods from others† (Deshpande, R., Farley, J.U. and Webster, F.E. Jr, 2003). A brand takes on meaning with customers through commercial messages, personal experiences, interpersonal communications and other means. The power of a brand resides in the minds of customers through countless brand interactions like thoughts, feelings, perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, behavior. The brand protects a product or service with meaning that differentiates the product from other product or services proposed to fulfill the same need. A brand is much more than a name. Branding is not a naming problem but a strategy problem (Deshpande, R., Farley, J.U. and Webster, F.E. Jr, 2003). A brand is a precious asset which must be managed carefully to preserve and enhance t he meaning so that customers form strong relations as a result. Several essential principles of brand management applicable to industrial branding are highlighted here (Fuller, P.B. 2004). Brand awareness and brand image are two components of the psychological meaning of a brand. Customers should be aware of what products or services are associated with a brand (brand awareness) and should be aware of what attributes and benefits the brand offers and what makes it superior and unique (brand image) (Gadenne, D. 2004). Industrial brands can distinguish themselves on the basis of a complete host of characteristics and benefits that range in tangibility and their association to the product. Some relationship will be associated to the brands functional performance such as products value proposition and promised benefits and more intangible considerations will be indicated from further associations like corporate image dimensions embodying such characteristics as trust, ethics, credibility, reliability and corporate social responsibility (Gilmore, A., Carson, D. and Grant, K. 2001). Branding is a central part of marketing activity. To brand or not to brand? isnt the question. Moreover, every company has a name which will function as a brand for it. For many industrial marketers, the company name is the brand. The question is What you want your name stand for and what it is to mean in the mind of the customer(Gray, B., Matear, S., Boshoff, C. and Matheson, P. 2007) every contact involving the company and the customer becomes an input. The brand must be managed as a strategic asset otherwise it will be managed by customers there or thereabouts at random. An industrial brand managed properly can realize the same reward as a consumer brand like price premiums, greater loyalty, and ability to extend into other categories, and so on. Brand positioning brings in the heart of the brand (Hogarth-Scott, S., Watson, K. and Wilson, L, 1996). They should have both points-of-parity and points-of-difference with regard to competitors product offerings. Those associations where the brand â€Å"breaks even† with competitors and negates their intended points-of-difference are called as Points-of-parity while those associations where the customer behavior is driven by strong, favorable, and unique brand associations are called points-of-difference (Hill, J. 2001a). The core brand promise or brand mantra is an internal marketing expression that captures key points-of-difference that are the essence and spirit of the brand in a three-to-five word phrase. The brand slogan is based on the brand mantra which is used in advertising and other communications where a translation of the mantra is done in consumer friendly language. For instance, Nikes internal brand mantra is â€Å"authentic athletic performance† while th e external brand slogan is â€Å"Just Do it† which is used as signature to many of their ads (Hill, J. 2001b). Examples for industrial brands slogan which reflect principal brand mantras are Agilent Technologies Dreams Made Real, Emersons Consider It Solved, GEs Imagination at Work, Hewlett Packards Invent, Novells The Power to Change, United Technologies Next Things First, and Xerox The Document Company. The Brand Charter summarizes the development, history, and positioning of a brand. All marketing action must be consistent and be evaluated against the Brand Charter. Strong brands have a uniform brand image for every individual customer and across the customer population. Strength of a brand reflects the quality and uniformity of the firms marketing efforts and the concern with which the brand has been managed in due course. For a brand to be successful, it has to be consistent with the firms strategy and the strategic marketing management (Hurmerinta-Peltomaki, L. and Numm ela, N.1998). 1.2 Research Aims and Objectives AIM: * To recognize the forces of brand Management which generates a brand image for a little fast food restaurant/takeaway in the market? Objectives: * To recognize the suitable literature produced on brand management in SMEs. * To get hold a few of the key fast food restaurants/takeaways. * To discover and take into account a methodological approach which will assist in finding primary (qualitative or quantitative have to be determined yet) * To vitally analysis and evaluate results with the preceding findings and provide the significance of brand management in the SMEs. 1.3 Value and contribution In the intellectual perspective, this research will try to highlight the importance of branding in small businesses investigating the concept in fast food and takeaways of London. Though the research and literature done in Branding in small businesses is very less. In the industrial context, the study will provide a strategic understanding of the potential application of Branding at the early stage of business development and how it can be used as a strategic tool for building a brand image. 1.4 structure of the dissertation The report is structured in the following format: Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter provides the background to the research topic discusses the aims and objectives of the study. It also illustrates the academic and industrial value the research seeks to address. Chapter 2: Literature Review Literature review highlights the literature the research is based upon and concludes with the research done into the effectiveness of brand management in small business enterprises and different concepts of branding like product branding and corporate branding and their differences. It also discusses new theory of branding for small businesses which is of importance to the dissertation at hand. Chapter 3: Methodology This chapter includes the methodology adapted by for this research paper. Sample data of the research is being discussed in this chapter. It will also highlight the research philosophy, research question, research design, data collection and analysis methods and reliability and validity of the data. Chapter 4: Findings This chapter discusses the finding of the questionnaires in graphical representation followed by descriptive description. It also presents the important factors highlighted by the respondents during the survey. Chapter 5: Discussions and Limitations You will be able to find the comparative analysis of the findings and recommendations in this chapter. This chapter also highlights the limitations of the research and future research possibilities in this area. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The strategic importance of the effective brand management has been recognised and been highlighted by many researchers (Kirby, D., 2003). Two major streams which have emerged in the brand management field includes; â€Å"providing an overarching brand management framework to guide managerial decision-making† (Keller, 1998; Macrae, 1996; Aaker, 1991; Park, Jaworski, and MacInnis, 1986 cited in Berrthon, Ewing, Napoli, 2008, p. 27); whereas â€Å"the second concentrates on various discrete aspects of the process† (Aaker and Joachimsthaler, 2000; Berthon, Hulbert and Pitt, 1999a; de Chernatony and Riley, 1998 cited in Berrthon, Ewing, Napoli, 2008, p. 27). Authors have identified two gaps in the literature, 1) It has been becoming common that developed organizations are involved in multiple directions which probably means that they have enhanced their business operations or they have probably entered into different product lines which normally most of the small medium s ized business do to increase their profits and sales (Berrthon, Ewing, Napoli, 2008) it is also been quoted by the authors, as ‘Organizational Ambidexterity (Berthon, Hulbert and Pitt 1999). The second major gap which is identified is that previously empirical studies have focused brand management concept only on the large organizations which normally includes top 100 companies of the world. The suggested reasons for this gap are given by some of the other authors which are also quoted in this article; it may be because SMEs typically lack the capabilities, marketing power and other resources of large organizations (Knight, 2000; Cohn and Lindberg, 1972) or it may be because SMEs are failed to realize brand can also be built with the help of relatively reserved budgets (Aaker and Joachimsthaler, 1999) Authors do contend that SMEs can build a brand image with limited budget but the major question is what management principles they should follow to build it? An initial precise study on SME brandings is Abimbola (2001) who has tried to explore how branding can be a competitive strategy. Other studies have also explored this theme like Cravens (2000), but not in an SME context. According to Abimbola, new brands are like new products, and there is a particular need to draw on inventiveness, innovation and imaginative flair in brand extensions. For instance, the imaginative flair of the owner, like Virgin or Easy Jet, help deliver creative applications of branding programs. Though, similar principles pertain to SME in comparison to large-scale branding, Abimbola (2001) advises SMEs, having fewer resources, need better focus and effectiveness. For example, an SMEs center of attention be corporate brand or just a handful brands and run very closely specified and targeted campaigns. Utilizisation of the entrepreneur in public relations was also encouraged. For instance, a study of Dyson appliance company (Doyle, 2003), a firm used an entreprene urial approach to create its brand. Attention was paid as to how Dyson built a brand personality as part of its marketing. A useful typology of branding among SMEs based on case research of eight smalls- to medium sized firms have been provided by Wong and Merrilees (2005). Three different types of small businesses were identified, At the bottom was the minimalist branding approach, where firms have minimalist marketing across the board, in the middle was an embryonic branding archetype, these firms are stronger than the first archetype with respect to marketing, but their understanding of branding isnt well developed and at the top was the integrated branding archetype. Branding is very informal, optional, and a narrow range of promotional tools. Wong and Merrilees (2005) initiate that SMEs at the top were the integrated branding archetype and possibly the least familiar. â€Å"Small business branding is not a good logo, a rhyming name, or special font. Small business branding is the owner. Its what the owner does, says and how the owners traits come through in every aspect of the business. Its the way relationships are built and maintained, the way a person does business and treats other people. Its how rapport is established at an individual level, where trust and comfort exist as human characteristics, not from theme music, models or slogans.† Yaro Starak, 2005 Marketing as well as branding were stronger; informal approaches and formal approaches were taken to branding; branding was essential to the business; branding was not merely a choice; and a wider assortment of promotional tools were used. A clearer understanding of customer needs was there among the integrated branding small businesses: The letter Z was included in a firms name to appear close to the top of any industry list while another firm to remind its employees posted a laminated description of its brand on the back-office door to remind employees of it. One more substantive outlook on SME branding is offered by Krake (2005), who agreed with the deficit of earlier literature on the subject, compared to SME marketing research and uses a qualitative case study of ten medium-sized firms. A varied set of approaches to branding was seen but little at a conscious level. However, the cases did not propose a common tack or brand success route. Krake (2005), drawing partially from the cases and particularly the common branding literature, built-up a â€Å"funnel† model of brand management in SMEs. The SMEs special features incorporated: the most important role of the entrepreneur/owner in terms of their obsession of the brand and this may widen to their epitome of the brand. The entrepreneur will have a particularly controlling authority on the company structure; and there may be more imagination used in marketing promotions. In other words, there is a more personal character to the brand. In addition, the owner appreciates the significance of branding; there may be extra room to take the brand throughout the firm. The most current documents on small business branding inspect the role of corporate branding for start-ups (Rode and Vallaster, 2005). This study is flanking to the realm of the current paper. Start-up companies refer to pre-launch as well as early start-up activity, while the nine cases in Rode and Vallaster (2005) look to focus on the first fe w years of operation. Their work suitably sums up the connection among corporate identity and corporate image and they point out its significance to new ventures. Their experiential evidence of nine cases shows a miserable picture of how well small businesses have incorporated corporate identity ideas. The majority of the interviewed entrepreneurs had only an imprecise idea of their business concept, market positioning core values and the business concept was seldom documented (Inskip, 2004). Submissions to banks were to a little extent contrived in order to secure financing. Philosophies and basic values and seemed fluid, answers brand names, and consistency not at all times was achieved. Selection and training of staff was disorganized. Corporate communication and sharing of information proved difficult. All in all, the corporate identity and cultural developments looked unstructured, encouraging Rode and Vallaster (2005) to build up three propositions that potentially could start to move this observed near to ground performance. Fascinatingly, four out of five most important studies have alluded to the essential role of the founder in the b randing process; therefore it would seem that any new theory of small business branding should do the similar. 2.2 Branding Branding can somehow be explained as a strategy, a process, an orientation and a instrument (Majumdar, 2006). Branding is defined as the method through which a marketer aims to build long term relationship with the consumers by evaluating their requirements and needs so that the product (brand) can fulfill their mutual desires. Branding can be looked as an instrument to locate a product or a service with a reliable of quality and also the value for money to make certain the development of a habitual liking by the consumer. It is a general knowledge that the costumers selection is inclined by many factors out of which the simplest one is a brand name (Kotler, et al, 2007). Even though there can be equally pleasing products available in the market, the customer once pleased with some brand will not want to make an additional endeavor to assess the other substitutes available. Initially if the customer is satisfied with a particular brand, than he or she is inclined to stick with it, unless and until there is a great increase in the price of the product or an evident superior quality of product comes to their knowledge, which force the customer to change the brand (Lancaster, Massingham, 1999). Branding may be generally applied as a segregation strategy when the products available cannot be differentiated easily in conditions of tangible traits or in products that are apparent as a commodity. In all these conditions marketers apply branding as a differentiation strategy and attempt to build up a relationship with consumer groups. That is, they attempt to expand and provide the customized products and auxiliary services with customized communications to tally with the self-image of the consumer. Such differentiation is a regular procedure and the beginning and on-going measures are explained (Majumdar, 2006). 2.3 Corporate Branding In coordinating the brand-building process, corporate brand architecture plays a vital role which is defined by core values shared by different products with a common and overall brand identity. The major part of the corporate brand is to give credibility in cases such as communications with government, the financial sector, the labor market, and society in general (Urde, 2003). Corporate Brand has different fundamentals like organizational values, core values and added values. The relation between these foundations helps to form the value-creating process of the corporate brand (Urde, 2003). Companies face different disputes and challenges of organizing their resources and internal procedures so that the core values for which the corporate brand stands can be strengthened, differentiated and expressed as added value for consumers. The firms brand equity and competitive position is significant for the linkage between core values and corporate brand. Management and organization-wide s upport is crucial in this process (Urde, 2003). A corporate brand is not necessarily limited to a single corporation. It can also apply to a variety of corporate entities, such as corporations, their subsidiaries, and groups of companies (Balmer and Gray, 2003). Balmer (1998) suggests that to differentiate the firm from its competitors, corporate identity is an important corporate asset which represents the firms ethics, goals and values. The reason being that the markets are becoming more complex and products and services are quickly imitated and homogenized which is rather difficult in maintaining a credible product differentiation, requiring the positioning of the whole corporation relatively than simply its products. Therefore, the corporate values and images appear as key elements of differentiation strategies (Hatch and Schultz, 2001). A corporate brand has an assumption that it will support all aspects of the firm and differentiate the firm from its competitors (Harris and de Chernatony, 2001; Ind, 1997; Balmer, 2001). Corporate branding allows the firms to use the vision and culture of the whole organization clearly as part of its distinctiveness (Balmer, 1995, 2001; de Chernatony, 1999). De Chernatony (2001) suggests for firms to incorporate their strategic vision with their brand building. In contrast with the product brand, the firms visibility, recognition and reputation to a greater extent can be increased with the corporate brand. Balmer and Gray (2003) propose that one of the benefits of strong corporate brands is that investors may seek them out deliberately. They furthermore play an imperative role in the recruitment and retention of valuable employees and offer more chances for strategic or brand associations. Alan (1996) illustrates the flow of corporate branding to the rising costs of advertising, retailer power, product fragmentation, new product development cost efficiencies, and consumers expectations of corporate credentials. 2.4 Product Branding Product branding yields different advantages for firms. McDonald et al. (2001) argue that, a firm using a product-brand strategy rather than corporate branding will experience less damage to its corporate image if one of its individual brands fails. When the Tylenol brand was under siege in the USA because of tainted batches, Procter Gambles name and reputation were somewhat shielded by the product-branding strategy, leaving Pampers and Tide undamaged by the Tylenol scare. A product brand allows firms to position and appeal to different segments in different markets which also makes it flexible. For instance, Budweiser beer is a quality beer that is solid value for money and which is sold in the USA as large temptation. In contrast, it is marketed in some overseas markets as a premium product, and its product image is linked to the American lifestyle. Although a challenge which is faced with product branding is to target different small segments through different brands that can res ult in high marketing costs and lower brand profitability. The main role of branding and brand management is to create differentiation and preference in the minds of customers. The development of product branding has been built around the core role that maintains differentiation in a particular market (Knox and Bickerton, 2003). Corporate branding builds on the tradition of product branding, seeking to create differentiation and preference. However, corporate branding is conducted at the level of the firm instead of the product or service, and furthermore to an extend on which its reaches beyond customers to stakeholders such as employees, customers, investors, suppliers, partners, regulators and local communities (Hatch and Schultz, 2001). 2.5 Corporate Branding Versus Product Branding To present a controlled representation of the corporations value system and identity, the corporate brand can be considered as the addition of the corporations marketing efforts (Ind, 1997; Balmer, 2001). It has been differentiated from a product brand in its strategic focus and its implementation, which combines corporate strategy, corporate communications and corporate culture (Balmer, 1995, 2001). Balmer and Gray (2003) and Hatch and Schultz (2003) argues that corporate branding differs from product branding in several other ways. First, the focus shifts from the product to the corporation. Corporate branding therefore represents the corporation and its members to a greater extent. Second, corporate brands generally involve strategic considerations at a higher executive level even though managerial responsibility for product brands usually rest in the middle-management marketing function. Third, corporate brands usually relate all of the firms stakeholders and products and service s to each other whereas product brands typically target specific consumers. Fourth, product-brand management is normally conducted within the marketing department, while corporate branding requires support across the corporation and cross-functional coordination. Fifth, product brands are reasonably short-term, compared to corporate brands along with their heritage and strategic vision. Hence, corporate branding is more strategic than the normally functional product branding. Hatch and Schultz (2003) further argues that to position the firm in its marketplace and to set up internal maintain arrangements appropriate to its strategic importance corporate branding engineers interactions among strategic vision, organizational culture and corporate image. Similarly, Ind (1997) classifies three key differences. First, corporate branding attains a certain degree of tangibility through the messages the firm delivers and the relationship it establishes with various stakeholders. Second, corp orate branding is more complex than product branding because of the variety of messages and relationships and also the potentially consequent confusion. Third, it is being inclined to demand greater attention to issues of ethical or social responsibility. The focus of a product brand is on customers while corporate brand has its focus on stakeholders. Therefore, corporate brands can provide a sense of trust and quality for the firm in extending a product line or diversifying into other product lines (Balmer and Gray, 2003). An effective corporate brand also has an intrinsic â€Å"excess capacity†, or â€Å"leverage†, which can possibly be translated to other markets (Peteraf, 1993). It is observed that corporate brands are extensively used to launch new products in new markets. Corporate branding usually exercises the total corporate communication mix to engage target audiences who perceive and judge the company and its products or services. The overall image of the fi rm at the corporate level is therefore expected to generate brand equity (Keller, 2000). The firm is expected to be largely influenced by the core company values and heritage. In addition, strategic vision also contributes to the image, in the sense that stakeholders normally seek and use information about the firm beyond what it provides. Hatch and Schultz (2003) concludes that those firms who are successful in creating a corporate brand are more competitive than firms relying only on product branding in the uneven markets created by globalization. On the other hand, corporate branding also requires immediate and effective interaction of strategic vision, organizational culture, which makes it more complex than product branding. de Chernatony (1999) embraces that it facilitates customers desire to look deeper into the brand and evaluate the nature of the firm. The firm offers liable customers to accept its claims about other products and services which is build through trust in the products and the brand.< Importance of Brand Management in SMEs Importance of Brand Management in SMEs Study on Fast Food Takeaways of West London Executive Summary Many remarkable studies and literatures have been produced which discusses critical activities of the Brand management in LOs (Large organizations) while research on the importance of the brand management this in SME (Small Business Enterprises) has been neglected. I have tried to emphasis in my dissertation that what were those important factors of brand management which can be applied in small business so that these businesses can develop a better brand image in the market. I have tried to limit my research on the fast food takeaways of west London area. My dissertation is based on primary and secondary research to support the literature and authenticity. It has been highlighted in the previous studies that two major research streams have been emerged in this field first focuses on providing an overarching brand management framework to guide managerial decision making (Keller, 1998; Macrae, 1996; Aaker, 1991; Park, Jaworski, and MacInnis, 1986) while the other concentrates on various discrete aspects of the process (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2000; Berthon, Hulbert, and Pitt 1999a; de Chernatony and Riley 1998). Two gaps in the literature have been identified; 1) It has been identified that developed organizations are involved in numerous courses at once, 2) the brand management researches had been focusing utterly on large organizations, while the small and medium enterprises have been overlooked (Berrthon, Ewing, Napoli, 2008) To manage a brand image requires a number of activities which shows that importance of brand management in SME are different than large organizations. On this basis an important question has been raised by the authors that how brands are in fact controlled in SME. Though I am not been able to find any study specifically focusing on brand management in SMEs but I have tried to explore the areas mentioned by previous authors. Visual identifications, exhibiting business in food exhibitions and magazine and keeping customer records are some of the important factors mentioned by the respondents. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Following Blankson, C. and Omar, O.E. (2002), SME is explained as a small to medium firm having employees less then 250, having a relatively small share of the market in economic terms, and managed by its owner(s) in a personalized way. Brands may have been there for more than a 1,000 years; but never has any society come across the influence of branding as is witnessed nowadays. Brands are prevailing in all portions of human life like food and clothing, production and consumption, personality and lifestyle and pop culture to politics. Branding themselves has become a kind of culture because it promotes represents brands and like yesterday, it is no longer just about adding value to a product. In the eyes of Carson, D. (1990) (quoted in Hall, 1999); brands are currently gunning for a share of inner lives, their values, their beliefs, their politics, and their souls of consumers. The effect of brands and branding is far away from the field of marketing and advertising. Branding is an economic construct as it has been considered from both marketing and financial perspectives and is a social construct as brands hasnt been completely understood owing to the lack of academic research in this area. Advertising in all probability is the most visible factor of marketing but branding in all probability is at the centre of any marketing communications. The roots of most problems of advertising lies in branding strategy. In 1990s Benettons shocking advertising tactic is an infamous example. Majority people would relate to a big business brand with large advertising expenditures, trying to reinforce the mindset that big businesses can be brands unlike the small businesses. Small business branding is frequently referred to as an oxymoron, so might the term entrepreneurial branding (Blankson, C. and Stokes. D, 2002). In small business branding, there is very less research. The research is mainly concerned with brand management of an existing venture. There seems to be very less academic research of branding in small business new ventures. In SME marketing management it has been recognised that management style; operations and functions of SMEs are different from LOs (Knight, 2000; Cohn and Lindberg, 1972). The use of advertising or recruitment agencies is rare. Definition of survival mentality has been mentioned as ‘when a business meets resources and time constraints SME managers adapt a habit called Survival Mentality. Marketing, human resource, management and general business planning are the major problems quoted by the authors in an SME (Huang and Brown, 1999). Corporate image and corporate reputations have been differentiated under the umbrella of brand management. Corporate image has been defined as the â€Å"publics latest beliefs about the company† (Balmer, 1998 cited in Berrthon, Ewing, Napoli, 2008, p. 29) while corporate reputations has been defined as â€Å"value judgments about an organizations qualities, trustworthiness and reliability built up over time† (Balmer, 1998; Fombrun and Van Riel, 1997 cited in Berrthon, Ewing, Napoli, 2008, p.29). It has been mentioned that there is a consistency between an organizations and stakeholders belief about a brand though unfortunately SME and stakeholder relation hasnt been discussed yet in detail. The importance of the building a positive brand image in the market has been emphasized in order to create a niche in the market place. â€Å"Regardless of whether an organization is comprised of a singular or multiple brands, it is necessary that marketing efforts be directed tow ard establishing and maintaining a positive brand image in the minds of key stakeholders. Ultimately, this can contribute to the development of a favorable corporate reputation† (de Chernatony, 1999, cited in Berrthon, Ewing, Napoli, 2008, p. 30). â€Å"Few small businesses follow a reputation building strategy and when a need for â€Å"image management† is recognized, it is often limited to implementing a public relations campaign† (Goldberg, Cohen, and Fiegenbaum, 2003 cited in Berrthon, Ewing, Napoli, 2008, p. 30). However, a brand can be best considered as a psychological phenomenon. Formally, a brand can be defined as a â€Å"name, sign, symbol, logo, etc. that identifies the goods and services of one selling the goods and differentiates the goods from others† (Deshpande, R., Farley, J.U. and Webster, F.E. Jr, 2003). A brand takes on meaning with customers through commercial messages, personal experiences, interpersonal communications and other means. The power of a brand resides in the minds of customers through countless brand interactions like thoughts, feelings, perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, behavior. The brand protects a product or service with meaning that differentiates the product from other product or services proposed to fulfill the same need. A brand is much more than a name. Branding is not a naming problem but a strategy problem (Deshpande, R., Farley, J.U. and Webster, F.E. Jr, 2003). A brand is a precious asset which must be managed carefully to preserve and enhance t he meaning so that customers form strong relations as a result. Several essential principles of brand management applicable to industrial branding are highlighted here (Fuller, P.B. 2004). Brand awareness and brand image are two components of the psychological meaning of a brand. Customers should be aware of what products or services are associated with a brand (brand awareness) and should be aware of what attributes and benefits the brand offers and what makes it superior and unique (brand image) (Gadenne, D. 2004). Industrial brands can distinguish themselves on the basis of a complete host of characteristics and benefits that range in tangibility and their association to the product. Some relationship will be associated to the brands functional performance such as products value proposition and promised benefits and more intangible considerations will be indicated from further associations like corporate image dimensions embodying such characteristics as trust, ethics, credibility, reliability and corporate social responsibility (Gilmore, A., Carson, D. and Grant, K. 2001). Branding is a central part of marketing activity. To brand or not to brand? isnt the question. Moreover, every company has a name which will function as a brand for it. For many industrial marketers, the company name is the brand. The question is What you want your name stand for and what it is to mean in the mind of the customer(Gray, B., Matear, S., Boshoff, C. and Matheson, P. 2007) every contact involving the company and the customer becomes an input. The brand must be managed as a strategic asset otherwise it will be managed by customers there or thereabouts at random. An industrial brand managed properly can realize the same reward as a consumer brand like price premiums, greater loyalty, and ability to extend into other categories, and so on. Brand positioning brings in the heart of the brand (Hogarth-Scott, S., Watson, K. and Wilson, L, 1996). They should have both points-of-parity and points-of-difference with regard to competitors product offerings. Those associations where the brand â€Å"breaks even† with competitors and negates their intended points-of-difference are called as Points-of-parity while those associations where the customer behavior is driven by strong, favorable, and unique brand associations are called points-of-difference (Hill, J. 2001a). The core brand promise or brand mantra is an internal marketing expression that captures key points-of-difference that are the essence and spirit of the brand in a three-to-five word phrase. The brand slogan is based on the brand mantra which is used in advertising and other communications where a translation of the mantra is done in consumer friendly language. For instance, Nikes internal brand mantra is â€Å"authentic athletic performance† while th e external brand slogan is â€Å"Just Do it† which is used as signature to many of their ads (Hill, J. 2001b). Examples for industrial brands slogan which reflect principal brand mantras are Agilent Technologies Dreams Made Real, Emersons Consider It Solved, GEs Imagination at Work, Hewlett Packards Invent, Novells The Power to Change, United Technologies Next Things First, and Xerox The Document Company. The Brand Charter summarizes the development, history, and positioning of a brand. All marketing action must be consistent and be evaluated against the Brand Charter. Strong brands have a uniform brand image for every individual customer and across the customer population. Strength of a brand reflects the quality and uniformity of the firms marketing efforts and the concern with which the brand has been managed in due course. For a brand to be successful, it has to be consistent with the firms strategy and the strategic marketing management (Hurmerinta-Peltomaki, L. and Numm ela, N.1998). 1.2 Research Aims and Objectives AIM: * To recognize the forces of brand Management which generates a brand image for a little fast food restaurant/takeaway in the market? Objectives: * To recognize the suitable literature produced on brand management in SMEs. * To get hold a few of the key fast food restaurants/takeaways. * To discover and take into account a methodological approach which will assist in finding primary (qualitative or quantitative have to be determined yet) * To vitally analysis and evaluate results with the preceding findings and provide the significance of brand management in the SMEs. 1.3 Value and contribution In the intellectual perspective, this research will try to highlight the importance of branding in small businesses investigating the concept in fast food and takeaways of London. Though the research and literature done in Branding in small businesses is very less. In the industrial context, the study will provide a strategic understanding of the potential application of Branding at the early stage of business development and how it can be used as a strategic tool for building a brand image. 1.4 structure of the dissertation The report is structured in the following format: Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter provides the background to the research topic discusses the aims and objectives of the study. It also illustrates the academic and industrial value the research seeks to address. Chapter 2: Literature Review Literature review highlights the literature the research is based upon and concludes with the research done into the effectiveness of brand management in small business enterprises and different concepts of branding like product branding and corporate branding and their differences. It also discusses new theory of branding for small businesses which is of importance to the dissertation at hand. Chapter 3: Methodology This chapter includes the methodology adapted by for this research paper. Sample data of the research is being discussed in this chapter. It will also highlight the research philosophy, research question, research design, data collection and analysis methods and reliability and validity of the data. Chapter 4: Findings This chapter discusses the finding of the questionnaires in graphical representation followed by descriptive description. It also presents the important factors highlighted by the respondents during the survey. Chapter 5: Discussions and Limitations You will be able to find the comparative analysis of the findings and recommendations in this chapter. This chapter also highlights the limitations of the research and future research possibilities in this area. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The strategic importance of the effective brand management has been recognised and been highlighted by many researchers (Kirby, D., 2003). Two major streams which have emerged in the brand management field includes; â€Å"providing an overarching brand management framework to guide managerial decision-making† (Keller, 1998; Macrae, 1996; Aaker, 1991; Park, Jaworski, and MacInnis, 1986 cited in Berrthon, Ewing, Napoli, 2008, p. 27); whereas â€Å"the second concentrates on various discrete aspects of the process† (Aaker and Joachimsthaler, 2000; Berthon, Hulbert and Pitt, 1999a; de Chernatony and Riley, 1998 cited in Berrthon, Ewing, Napoli, 2008, p. 27). Authors have identified two gaps in the literature, 1) It has been becoming common that developed organizations are involved in multiple directions which probably means that they have enhanced their business operations or they have probably entered into different product lines which normally most of the small medium s ized business do to increase their profits and sales (Berrthon, Ewing, Napoli, 2008) it is also been quoted by the authors, as ‘Organizational Ambidexterity (Berthon, Hulbert and Pitt 1999). The second major gap which is identified is that previously empirical studies have focused brand management concept only on the large organizations which normally includes top 100 companies of the world. The suggested reasons for this gap are given by some of the other authors which are also quoted in this article; it may be because SMEs typically lack the capabilities, marketing power and other resources of large organizations (Knight, 2000; Cohn and Lindberg, 1972) or it may be because SMEs are failed to realize brand can also be built with the help of relatively reserved budgets (Aaker and Joachimsthaler, 1999) Authors do contend that SMEs can build a brand image with limited budget but the major question is what management principles they should follow to build it? An initial precise study on SME brandings is Abimbola (2001) who has tried to explore how branding can be a competitive strategy. Other studies have also explored this theme like Cravens (2000), but not in an SME context. According to Abimbola, new brands are like new products, and there is a particular need to draw on inventiveness, innovation and imaginative flair in brand extensions. For instance, the imaginative flair of the owner, like Virgin or Easy Jet, help deliver creative applications of branding programs. Though, similar principles pertain to SME in comparison to large-scale branding, Abimbola (2001) advises SMEs, having fewer resources, need better focus and effectiveness. For example, an SMEs center of attention be corporate brand or just a handful brands and run very closely specified and targeted campaigns. Utilizisation of the entrepreneur in public relations was also encouraged. For instance, a study of Dyson appliance company (Doyle, 2003), a firm used an entreprene urial approach to create its brand. Attention was paid as to how Dyson built a brand personality as part of its marketing. A useful typology of branding among SMEs based on case research of eight smalls- to medium sized firms have been provided by Wong and Merrilees (2005). Three different types of small businesses were identified, At the bottom was the minimalist branding approach, where firms have minimalist marketing across the board, in the middle was an embryonic branding archetype, these firms are stronger than the first archetype with respect to marketing, but their understanding of branding isnt well developed and at the top was the integrated branding archetype. Branding is very informal, optional, and a narrow range of promotional tools. Wong and Merrilees (2005) initiate that SMEs at the top were the integrated branding archetype and possibly the least familiar. â€Å"Small business branding is not a good logo, a rhyming name, or special font. Small business branding is the owner. Its what the owner does, says and how the owners traits come through in every aspect of the business. Its the way relationships are built and maintained, the way a person does business and treats other people. Its how rapport is established at an individual level, where trust and comfort exist as human characteristics, not from theme music, models or slogans.† Yaro Starak, 2005 Marketing as well as branding were stronger; informal approaches and formal approaches were taken to branding; branding was essential to the business; branding was not merely a choice; and a wider assortment of promotional tools were used. A clearer understanding of customer needs was there among the integrated branding small businesses: The letter Z was included in a firms name to appear close to the top of any industry list while another firm to remind its employees posted a laminated description of its brand on the back-office door to remind employees of it. One more substantive outlook on SME branding is offered by Krake (2005), who agreed with the deficit of earlier literature on the subject, compared to SME marketing research and uses a qualitative case study of ten medium-sized firms. A varied set of approaches to branding was seen but little at a conscious level. However, the cases did not propose a common tack or brand success route. Krake (2005), drawing partially from the cases and particularly the common branding literature, built-up a â€Å"funnel† model of brand management in SMEs. The SMEs special features incorporated: the most important role of the entrepreneur/owner in terms of their obsession of the brand and this may widen to their epitome of the brand. The entrepreneur will have a particularly controlling authority on the company structure; and there may be more imagination used in marketing promotions. In other words, there is a more personal character to the brand. In addition, the owner appreciates the significance of branding; there may be extra room to take the brand throughout the firm. The most current documents on small business branding inspect the role of corporate branding for start-ups (Rode and Vallaster, 2005). This study is flanking to the realm of the current paper. Start-up companies refer to pre-launch as well as early start-up activity, while the nine cases in Rode and Vallaster (2005) look to focus on the first fe w years of operation. Their work suitably sums up the connection among corporate identity and corporate image and they point out its significance to new ventures. Their experiential evidence of nine cases shows a miserable picture of how well small businesses have incorporated corporate identity ideas. The majority of the interviewed entrepreneurs had only an imprecise idea of their business concept, market positioning core values and the business concept was seldom documented (Inskip, 2004). Submissions to banks were to a little extent contrived in order to secure financing. Philosophies and basic values and seemed fluid, answers brand names, and consistency not at all times was achieved. Selection and training of staff was disorganized. Corporate communication and sharing of information proved difficult. All in all, the corporate identity and cultural developments looked unstructured, encouraging Rode and Vallaster (2005) to build up three propositions that potentially could start to move this observed near to ground performance. Fascinatingly, four out of five most important studies have alluded to the essential role of the founder in the b randing process; therefore it would seem that any new theory of small business branding should do the similar. 2.2 Branding Branding can somehow be explained as a strategy, a process, an orientation and a instrument (Majumdar, 2006). Branding is defined as the method through which a marketer aims to build long term relationship with the consumers by evaluating their requirements and needs so that the product (brand) can fulfill their mutual desires. Branding can be looked as an instrument to locate a product or a service with a reliable of quality and also the value for money to make certain the development of a habitual liking by the consumer. It is a general knowledge that the costumers selection is inclined by many factors out of which the simplest one is a brand name (Kotler, et al, 2007). Even though there can be equally pleasing products available in the market, the customer once pleased with some brand will not want to make an additional endeavor to assess the other substitutes available. Initially if the customer is satisfied with a particular brand, than he or she is inclined to stick with it, unless and until there is a great increase in the price of the product or an evident superior quality of product comes to their knowledge, which force the customer to change the brand (Lancaster, Massingham, 1999). Branding may be generally applied as a segregation strategy when the products available cannot be differentiated easily in conditions of tangible traits or in products that are apparent as a commodity. In all these conditions marketers apply branding as a differentiation strategy and attempt to build up a relationship with consumer groups. That is, they attempt to expand and provide the customized products and auxiliary services with customized communications to tally with the self-image of the consumer. Such differentiation is a regular procedure and the beginning and on-going measures are explained (Majumdar, 2006). 2.3 Corporate Branding In coordinating the brand-building process, corporate brand architecture plays a vital role which is defined by core values shared by different products with a common and overall brand identity. The major part of the corporate brand is to give credibility in cases such as communications with government, the financial sector, the labor market, and society in general (Urde, 2003). Corporate Brand has different fundamentals like organizational values, core values and added values. The relation between these foundations helps to form the value-creating process of the corporate brand (Urde, 2003). Companies face different disputes and challenges of organizing their resources and internal procedures so that the core values for which the corporate brand stands can be strengthened, differentiated and expressed as added value for consumers. The firms brand equity and competitive position is significant for the linkage between core values and corporate brand. Management and organization-wide s upport is crucial in this process (Urde, 2003). A corporate brand is not necessarily limited to a single corporation. It can also apply to a variety of corporate entities, such as corporations, their subsidiaries, and groups of companies (Balmer and Gray, 2003). Balmer (1998) suggests that to differentiate the firm from its competitors, corporate identity is an important corporate asset which represents the firms ethics, goals and values. The reason being that the markets are becoming more complex and products and services are quickly imitated and homogenized which is rather difficult in maintaining a credible product differentiation, requiring the positioning of the whole corporation relatively than simply its products. Therefore, the corporate values and images appear as key elements of differentiation strategies (Hatch and Schultz, 2001). A corporate brand has an assumption that it will support all aspects of the firm and differentiate the firm from its competitors (Harris and de Chernatony, 2001; Ind, 1997; Balmer, 2001). Corporate branding allows the firms to use the vision and culture of the whole organization clearly as part of its distinctiveness (Balmer, 1995, 2001; de Chernatony, 1999). De Chernatony (2001) suggests for firms to incorporate their strategic vision with their brand building. In contrast with the product brand, the firms visibility, recognition and reputation to a greater extent can be increased with the corporate brand. Balmer and Gray (2003) propose that one of the benefits of strong corporate brands is that investors may seek them out deliberately. They furthermore play an imperative role in the recruitment and retention of valuable employees and offer more chances for strategic or brand associations. Alan (1996) illustrates the flow of corporate branding to the rising costs of advertising, retailer power, product fragmentation, new product development cost efficiencies, and consumers expectations of corporate credentials. 2.4 Product Branding Product branding yields different advantages for firms. McDonald et al. (2001) argue that, a firm using a product-brand strategy rather than corporate branding will experience less damage to its corporate image if one of its individual brands fails. When the Tylenol brand was under siege in the USA because of tainted batches, Procter Gambles name and reputation were somewhat shielded by the product-branding strategy, leaving Pampers and Tide undamaged by the Tylenol scare. A product brand allows firms to position and appeal to different segments in different markets which also makes it flexible. For instance, Budweiser beer is a quality beer that is solid value for money and which is sold in the USA as large temptation. In contrast, it is marketed in some overseas markets as a premium product, and its product image is linked to the American lifestyle. Although a challenge which is faced with product branding is to target different small segments through different brands that can res ult in high marketing costs and lower brand profitability. The main role of branding and brand management is to create differentiation and preference in the minds of customers. The development of product branding has been built around the core role that maintains differentiation in a particular market (Knox and Bickerton, 2003). Corporate branding builds on the tradition of product branding, seeking to create differentiation and preference. However, corporate branding is conducted at the level of the firm instead of the product or service, and furthermore to an extend on which its reaches beyond customers to stakeholders such as employees, customers, investors, suppliers, partners, regulators and local communities (Hatch and Schultz, 2001). 2.5 Corporate Branding Versus Product Branding To present a controlled representation of the corporations value system and identity, the corporate brand can be considered as the addition of the corporations marketing efforts (Ind, 1997; Balmer, 2001). It has been differentiated from a product brand in its strategic focus and its implementation, which combines corporate strategy, corporate communications and corporate culture (Balmer, 1995, 2001). Balmer and Gray (2003) and Hatch and Schultz (2003) argues that corporate branding differs from product branding in several other ways. First, the focus shifts from the product to the corporation. Corporate branding therefore represents the corporation and its members to a greater extent. Second, corporate brands generally involve strategic considerations at a higher executive level even though managerial responsibility for product brands usually rest in the middle-management marketing function. Third, corporate brands usually relate all of the firms stakeholders and products and service s to each other whereas product brands typically target specific consumers. Fourth, product-brand management is normally conducted within the marketing department, while corporate branding requires support across the corporation and cross-functional coordination. Fifth, product brands are reasonably short-term, compared to corporate brands along with their heritage and strategic vision. Hence, corporate branding is more strategic than the normally functional product branding. Hatch and Schultz (2003) further argues that to position the firm in its marketplace and to set up internal maintain arrangements appropriate to its strategic importance corporate branding engineers interactions among strategic vision, organizational culture and corporate image. Similarly, Ind (1997) classifies three key differences. First, corporate branding attains a certain degree of tangibility through the messages the firm delivers and the relationship it establishes with various stakeholders. Second, corp orate branding is more complex than product branding because of the variety of messages and relationships and also the potentially consequent confusion. Third, it is being inclined to demand greater attention to issues of ethical or social responsibility. The focus of a product brand is on customers while corporate brand has its focus on stakeholders. Therefore, corporate brands can provide a sense of trust and quality for the firm in extending a product line or diversifying into other product lines (Balmer and Gray, 2003). An effective corporate brand also has an intrinsic â€Å"excess capacity†, or â€Å"leverage†, which can possibly be translated to other markets (Peteraf, 1993). It is observed that corporate brands are extensively used to launch new products in new markets. Corporate branding usually exercises the total corporate communication mix to engage target audiences who perceive and judge the company and its products or services. The overall image of the fi rm at the corporate level is therefore expected to generate brand equity (Keller, 2000). The firm is expected to be largely influenced by the core company values and heritage. In addition, strategic vision also contributes to the image, in the sense that stakeholders normally seek and use information about the firm beyond what it provides. Hatch and Schultz (2003) concludes that those firms who are successful in creating a corporate brand are more competitive than firms relying only on product branding in the uneven markets created by globalization. On the other hand, corporate branding also requires immediate and effective interaction of strategic vision, organizational culture, which makes it more complex than product branding. de Chernatony (1999) embraces that it facilitates customers desire to look deeper into the brand and evaluate the nature of the firm. The firm offers liable customers to accept its claims about other products and services which is build through trust in the products and the brand.<